Table 1.

Role of Plant Growth Regulators in recovery of plants under pesticide stress

PGR	Pesticide	Negative impact of pesticide	Mechanism of alleviating pesticide-induced toxicity	Reference
Castasterone	Imidacloprid	Generating oxidative stress Decreased plant growth Decline in chlorophyll content Down-regulation of key genes	Enhanced content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins, xanthophylls Activation of antioxidative defense system Biosynthesis of organic acids and phenolics	Sharma et al. (2019)
Cytokinin	Glyphosate	Induced oxidative stress Decreased growth and pigment content	Protective action by rendering hardiness in antioxidant defense system Increased levels of glutathione	Sergiev et al. (2006)
EBL	Chlorothalonil	Negative effect on soluble protein Raise malondialdehyde content	Enhance osmoregulation Remarkably facilitate manifestation of antioxidant genes	Wang et al. (2017)
EBL	Chlorpyrifos	Lowers photosynthesis and quantum yield of photosystem II	Stimulate antioxidant defense system Improves pesticide degradation by switching on vital genes like P450	Xia et al. (2009)
EBL	Imidachloprid	Hampers plant growth Lowers chlorophyll content Reduction in photosynthesis Lowers concentration of vigorous biomolecule	Reduction in IMI toxicity Enhance plant growth Improves pigment storage Improves photosynthesis and stomatal modulation Promotes production of various phytochemicals	Sharma et al. (2016, 2017a, b)
EBL	Phenanthrene and Pyrene	Prevent photosynthesis Formation of H2O2, OH−, O2− Prevents seed germination Prevents pigment storage Deformation of leaves	Ameliorate seed germination Improves morphological features Improves chlorophyll emission Augment plant biomass Enhance pesticide detoxification network	(Ahammed et al. 2012a, 2012b, 2012c)
EBL	Polychlorinated biphenyl	Reduction in biomass Lowers chlorophyll content Obstruct photosynthesis Inhibits stomatal conductance	Enhances plant growth and development Mitigates photo inhibition Regulates oxidative stress Lowers lipid peroxidation	Ahammed et al. (2013)
EBL	Terbutryn	Decreases carbon dioxide assimilation Reduces quantum yield of photosystem II Lowers non photochemical quenching	Increases plant biomass Enhances growth and development of plants Improves florescence and carbon dioxide assimilation	Pinol and Simon (2009)
Jasmonic acid	Imidacloprid	Production of ROS species leading oxidative burst Reduction in plant growth Reduced photosynthetic efficiency	Modulates antioxidant defense system Reduction in oxidative stress Regulates biochemical and physiological processes	Sharma et al. (2018a, b)
Salicylic acid	Glyphosate	Obstructing EPSPS enzyme, leads to less carbon supply to important pathways Lowers the activity of nitrate reductase Enhanced MDA content, proline and ROS species Damages plant physiology	Improves seedling height, growth and biomass Scavenges ROS species Increases carotenoids, chlorophyll and pigment content Boost the photosynthetic rate Increases protein content and synthesizes new proteins	Singh et al. (2017)
Salicylic acid	Glyphosate	Growth inhibition Accumulation of H2O2 O−	Improved growth Lowered amount of H2O2	Spormann et al. (2019)
Salicylic acid	Napropamide	Reduction in crop quality and yield Substantial formation of O−2, H2O2 and peroxides Oxidative damage in plasma membrane	Improves plant tolerance Inhibits the accumulation of ROS species Protects cell membrane against lipid peroxidation Restores oxidative damage	Cui et al. (2010)
Salicylic acid	Paraquat	Induce oxidative damage by producing oxygen radicals Impedes photosynthesis, production cation radicals and inhibiting the production of NADPH Damages membrane stability	Improved antioxidant capacity Inhibits pesticide penetration into cell Synthesizes proteins responsible for plant stress management Enhances stress tolerance by triggering detoxifying enzymes	Ananieva et al. (2004)
Salicyclic acid	Thiram	Oxidative stress Lowered total chlorophyll and carotenoids levels	Decreade in H202, and MDA levels Increased photosynthetic pigments Regulation of antioxidant enzymes	Yuzbasioglu and Dalyan (2019)