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. 2020 Oct 8;10:16825. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73826-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The experimental facilities. The participant and model each faced a prompter. The prompter consisted of a horizontally positioned display and an obliquely positioned transparent mirror. The participant could view the visual information on the display via the reflection in the mirror, while the participant’s image was video-recorded and live-relayed by a camera hidden behind the mirror. The participant’s image was then sent to the to the prompter of the model (the yellow route). The image of the model captured by the hidden camera was sent to the input switcher (the blue route) as one of the visual output options. The PC running the paradigm sent commands (the red route) through a serial port to the input switcher to determine the visual output for the participant to view (the purple route). During video trials, the PC sent the instructions and prerecorded video stimulus (red) to the input switcher, and the switcher sent only the input from the PC to the participant’s prompter (purple). During live trials, the switcher first relayed the instructions from the PC to the participant (red), and the PC then sent the audio signal via Bluetooth earphones to the model to instruct the model to produce dynamic facial expressions (the green route) while sending commands (red) to the input switcher to switch to the model’s live image input (blue) and to switch back after the duration of the stimulus (3 s).