TABLE 1.
Survey instruments measuring staff‐to‐resident abuse in residential care settings
| Author (year), country | Type of abuse | Design and data collection | Respondents (response rate if specified) and setting | Time frame | Number of items | Scoring scale | Instrument development | Reliability | Validity | Language | Availability of instrument |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moore (2017), United Kingdom | Witnessed/suspected psychological, physical, sexual, financial, neglect and other |
Questionnaire pen‐and‐paper survey Postage‐paid return envelope |
N = 156 nursing and care staff (rr = 75.4%) from five convenient independent‐sector nursing homes for older people | Past year, 1–3 years or > 3 years ago | Not specified | Once or repeatedly. | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | English | Not found online |
| Blumenfeld Arens et al. (2017), Switzerland | Observed emotional, physical and neglect. | Secondary analysis of SHURP (cross‐sectional multicenter study) | N = 4,599 care workers from 156 randomly selected nursing homes | Past 4 weeks | 5 | 4‐point Likert scale, from “never” to “more than once a week” | Investigator‐constructed instrument derived from Malmedal et al. (2009) | Neglect sum index; Cronbach's alpha 0.78 | Not specified | German, French | |
| Neuberg et al. (2017), Croatia | Observed psychological, physical, sexual, financial and neglect. | Cross‐sectional survey | N = 171 nurses (rr = 85.5%) from four NHs and two extended care units at the hospital | Past year | 25 | Never, once, 2–10 times, more than 10 times | 20 items from Drennan et al. (2012) + 5 study‐specific items self‐developed by the authors | Analysis included only items with Cronbach's alpha > 0.7 | Pretested in a validation pilot study. Only behaviours observed by more than 10% of respondents were recorded | Croatian | Not found online, available from author |
| Drennan et al. (2012), Ireland | Observed/perpetrated psychological, physical, sexual, financial and neglect |
National cross‐sectional pen‐and‐paper survey Postage‐paid return envelope |
N = 1,316 nurses and healthcare assistants (rr = 43%) from 64 randomly selected residential care settings | Past year | 20 | Never, once, 2–10 times, more than 10 times | Modified version of the conflict tactics scale to measure psychological (5 items) and physical abuse (6 items), single item from Harris and Benson (1998) to measure financial abuse, one study‐specific single item to measure sexual abuse, study‐specific items (N = 7) to measure neglect | Not specified | Not specified | English | Not found online, not available form author |
| Castle (2013), United States | Perceptions of verbal, psychological, physical, caregiving, medication, sexual and material exploitation |
Cross‐sectional survey Postage‐paid return envelope |
N = 12,555 direct care workers (rr = 81%) from 1,500 assisted living facilities | Past 3 months | 28 | Never, once, 2–3 times, 4–5 times, 5–6 times, other (#) | Previously used questionnaire (Castle, 2011–2012) | Reported missing items, floor‐ceiling, item‐scale correlations (>r = 0.50) and Cronbach's alpha > 0.70 | Face and content validity described. Used Fleisch–Kinkaid Scale | English | Not found online, available from author |
| Castle (2012), United States | Perceptions of verbal, psychological, physical, caregiving, medication, sexual and material exploitation |
Cross‐sectional survey Postage‐paid return envelope |
N = 4,451 nurse aides (rr = 64%) working in NHs and registered in the Pennsylvania nurse aide registry | Past 3 months (in a prior facility) | 31 |
Observed or have evidence that this happened; the resident told you this happened; someone other than the resident told you this happened; you suspect that this happened |
Self‐developed study‐specific questionnaire | Not specified | Face and content validity described. Used Fleisch–Kinkaid Scale | English | Not found online, available from author |
| Castle and Beach (2011), United States | Observed verbal, psychological, physical, caregiving, medication, sexual and material exploitation |
Cross‐sectional survey Mail survey |
N = 855 nurse aides working in assisted living facilities and registered in the Pennsylvania nurse aide registry | Past 3 months | 28 | Never, once, 2–3 times, 4–5 times, 5–6 times, other # | Self‐developed study‐specific questionnaire | Not specified | Face and content validity described. Used Fleisch–Kinkaid Scale | English | https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACJD/studies/34575/datadocumentation# |
| Buzgova and Ivanova (2011), The Czech Republic | Observed/perpetrated psychological, physical, financial, sexual and neglect |
Quantitative pen‐and‐paper survey Sealed collection boxes |
N = 454 direct care employees (rr = 64%) from 12 randomly selected senior homes | Past year | 40 | Never, once, repeatedly | Self‐developed study‐specific questionnaire | Not specified | Clarity and comprehensibility of questions reviewed in a preliminary survey in 2007 | Czech | Not found online, available from author |
| Natan, Lowenstein, and Eisikovits (2010), Israel | Observed/perpetrated physical violence, mental abuse, physical neglect, mental neglect, sexual violence and financial exploitation | Quantitative pen‐and‐paper survey | N = 510 healthcare staff (85%) from 22 randomly selected long‐term nursing homes | Past year | Not specified | Not specified | Iowa Dependent Adult Abuse Nursing Home Questionnaire designed by Daly and Jogerst (2005) | Not specified | Not specified | Hebrew | Not found online, available from author |
| Malmedal et al. (2009), Norway | Observed/perpetrated physical, emotional and neglect |
Cross‐sectional pen‐and‐paper survey Sealed envelopes collected by a “coordinator” |
N = 616 nursing staff (rr = 79%) from 16 nursing homes | During the entire work carrier | 21 | Never, once a month or rarer, once a week or rarer, more than once a week | Self‐developed study‐specific questionnaire inspired by Pillemer and Moore (1989), Goergen (2004) and Saveman et al. (1999) | Cronbach's alpha; physical 0.57; emotional 0.43; neglect 0.78 | Focus group and two pilot studies. | Norwegian | https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/52109553.pdf |
| McCool et al. (2009), United States | Observed/suspected physical, emotional, sexual, financial and neglect |
Questionnaire pen‐and‐paper survey Return envelope |
N = 49 nursing staff (rr = 15%) from two nursing homes | Suspected abuse in their current facility | 5 | Not specified | “The Nursing Home Questionnaire” based on a former study by Clark‐Daniels, Daniels, and Baumhover, (1990) was revised for nursing home employees and Iowa laws | Not specified | Not specified | English | Not found online |
| Wang (2005), Taiwan | Observed psychological |
Cross‐sectional survey Structured face‐to‐face administration of survey instruments |
N = 114 caregivers from several long‐term elderly care facilities | Past 6 months | 20 | 4 point Likert scale from “never” to “often” | Caregiver Psychological Elder Abuse Behavior (CPEAB) Scale (previously validated by Wang, 2004) | Cronbach's alpha 0.85 | Content validity index 0.95 |
Mandarin English (translation not described) |
Not found online, available from author |
| Goergen (2004), Germany | Observed/perpetrated psychological, physical, sexual, neglect and inappropriate use of restraints | Questionnaire survey | N = 361 nursing staff (rr = 36%) from 27 nursing homes | Past year | 46 | Yes, #__ times and No | Instrument previously used in the pilot study of Goergen (2001) | Not specified | Not specified | German | Not found online, available from author |
| Goergen (2001), Germany | Observed/perpetrated psychological, physical, sexual, neglect and inappropriate use of restraints |
Questionnaire survey Returned individually by mail |
N = 79 nursing staff (rr = 20.4%) from 9 convenient sampled nursing homes | Past year | 45 | Yes, #__ times and No | Self‐developed study‐specific questionnaire inspired by the conflict tactics scale and Pillemer and Moore (1989) | Not specified | Not specified | German | Not found online, available from author |
| Harris and Benson (1999), United States | Observed/perpetrated financial/theft |
National survey Postage‐paid return envelope |
N = 1,116 nursing staff (rr = 22%) from 47 randomly selected nursing homes | Past year | Not specified | If they had taken, and the number of times | Self‐developed study‐specific questionnaire | Not specified | Not specified | English | Not found online |
| Saveman et al. (1999), Sweden | Observed/perpetrated psychological physical, sexual, financial and neglect. |
Quantitative and qualitative survey. Questionnaires collected and sent to researchers |
N = 499 nursing staff (rr = 78%) working in residential settings in one area in Umeå and Kalmar | Past year | Not specified | Never, sometimes per month, at least once a week, weekly, daily | Self‐developed sudy‐specific instrument containing multiple‐choice and open‐ended questions | Not specified | Not specified | Swedish | Not found online |
| Pillemer and Moore (1989), United States | Observed/perpetrated physical and psychological | Telephone survey | N = 577 staff (rr = 85%) from 31 nursing homes | Past year | 11 | Never, once, 2–10 times, more than 10 times | Self‐developed study‐specific questionnaire based on the conflict tactics scale | Not specified | Not specified | English | Not found online |