Fig. 1. Mn impairs the spatial memory in WT and α-Syn KO mice.

a The experimental procedure for Morris water maze (MWM) and electrophysiology tests. b A representative searching trace on the 6th day of the training phase. c–e The escape latency, mean speed, and mean distance to reach the hidden platform. f After 48 h, the mice were tested again with the platform removed, and the speed (left), crossing times (middle), and time in the target quadrant (right) were recorded. g, h The normalized fEPSP slope (% of baseline) recorded from the CA1–CA3 region in hippocampal slices. n = 6. **P < 0.01 compared to controls; ^{# #}P < 0.01, and ^#P < 0.05 for comparison between the Mn-treated WT mice.