Table 2.

FET-base biosensors for early cancer detection.

Application	Target	RE	Linker	Surface	Sensor	Readout	LOD	Sample	Ref.
Disease antigen detection	CEACAM5 CEACAM1	Antibody	GTA	SiO2/SiNW	Potentiometric	Off-chip	18 ng/mL and 21.6 ng/mL	Buffer solution	[92]
Prostate cancer diagnosis	PSA	PSA antibodies	APTES GA AuNPs	SiO2/SiNW	Potentiometric	Off-chip	90 pg/mL	Serum	[93]
Oncological diseases diagnosis	oDNA	Complementary oDNA probe molecule	APTES DTSSP cross-linker	a stack of h-k PEALD dielectrics, HfO2 and Al2O3	Amperometric	Off-chip	10−16 M	Buffer solution (potassium phosphate buffer)	[94]
CEA detection	CEA	Antibody	APTES GA	SiNx/SiNRs	CMOS-compatible FET	Off-chip	10 pg/mL	Buffer solution (PBS)	[95]
Lung cancer diagnosis	miRNA−126 and CEA	probe DNA and anti-CEA antibody	APTES GA	SiNW	CMOS-compatible FET	Off-chip	0.1 fM and 1 fg/ml	Buffer solution (PBS)	[96]
PSA detection	PSA	DNA aptamers	PYCOOH EDC/NHS PEG ETA	SiO2/graphene FET channel/Si3N4	FET	Off-chip	1 nM	Buffer solution (PBS)	[97]
Lung cancer diagnosis	CYFRA21-1	Antibody	ETA	SiNW	CMOS-compatible SiNW-TFET	Off-chip	12.5 aM	Serum sample	[98]
Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis	Cytokeratin-19 as a marker of DTC	Anti-KRT antibodies	APTES GA	SiO2/Si3N4/p-type SiNWs	CMOS-compatible FET	On-chip	83 fM (~1.3 cancer cells/μL)	10% serum	[99]
Bladder cancer diagnosis	APOA2	APOA2 antibody	Biotin APTES GA EDC/NHS	SiNx/MGLA	poly-SiNW-FET	Off-chip	6.7 pgmL−1	Urine sample	[100]
Prostate cancer diagnosis	PSA	Antibody	APTES GA silane-PEG	P-type SiNW	SiNW-FET	Off-chip	10 nM	Buffer solution (PBS)	[101]
Cancer diagnosis	CYFRA21-1 and PSA	Antibody	APTES GA	SiNW	CMOS-compatible FET	Off-chip	1 fg/mL-10 fg/mL	Buffer solution (PBS) –human serums	[102]
Cancer diagnosis	ALCAM	Antibody	APTES GA	SiO2/Si3N4	CMOS-compatible FET	Off-chip	15.5 pg/ml	Serum	[103]
OSCC diagnosis	IL-8 and TNF-α	Antibody	APTES GA	SiO2/Si3N4/SiNW	CMOS-compatible FET	Off-chip	10 fg/mL-100 fg/mL	Buffer solution (PBS) –artificial saliva	[104]
Cancer diagnosis	AFP	Antibody	APTES GA	SiO2/SiN x/SiNW	SiNW-FET	Off-chip	0.1 ng/mL	Buffer solution (PBS)	[105]
Cervical carcinoma diagnosis	VEGF	Avastin	APTES GA EDC/NHS SPAnH- Fe3O4	n-type polycrystalline silicon nanowire	SiNW-FET EIS	Off-chip	1.25 pg/mL	Serum samples	[106]
Early cytokine detection	IL-10	Anti- IL-10	Hydroxyl group OTS APTES EDC/NHS	Si/Al2O3/multi-walled carbon nanotubes–COOH	FET	Off-chip	0.5 pg/mL	standard samples	[107]
Cancer diagnosis	miR-21 and miR-205	Probe DNA (Prb21)	APTES EDC/NHS	P-type SiNW	CMOS-compatible SiNWFET	Off-chip	1 zmol	Human serum samples	[88]
Prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer diagnosis	MMP-2	Synthetic peptide	O2 Plasma TESBA SH-PEG	P-type SiNW	FET	Off-chip	1 pM	Standard sample	[108]
Prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer diagnosis	MMP-2	Synthetic peptide	O2 Plasma TESBA SH-PEG Streptavidin	P–SiNW/AuNP	FET	Off-chip	100 fM	Standard sample	[109]
CRP detection	CRP	Anti-CRP	SBP protein A 6-His	SiO2	nanogap-embedded FET CMOS	On-chip	0.1 ng/ml	Human serum	[110]
Multiplexed detection of protein markers	CRP and PSA	Anti-CRP and anti-PSA	APTES silicate monomer, buffer solution, and SolB reagent mixture to form sol-gel	SiNW	SiNW FET	Off-chip	0.12 ng/ml and 0.18 ng/ml	Serum	[111]

CEACAM: carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule, GTA: Glutaraldehyde, oDNA: DNA oligonucleotide, PYCOOH: pyrene butyric acid, DTC: disseminated tumor cell, APOA2: apolipoprotein A-II, MGLA: magnetic graphene with long-chain acid groups, ALCAM: Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule, IL-8: interleukin-8, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α, OSCC: oral squamous cell carcinoma, AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor, SPAnH- Fe₃O₄: Magnetic nanoparticles with poly(aniline-co-N-(1-one-butyric acid) aniline)- Fe₃O₄, EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, IL-10: interleukin-10, MMP-2: Matrix metalloproteinases, SH-PEG: polyethylene glycol functionalized thiol group, TESBA: 3-(triethoxysilyl)butyl aldehyde, 6-His: six-histidine, OTS: Octadecyltrichlorosilane.