Table 5.

FET-base biosensors for early detection of nucleic acids.

Application	Target	RE	Linker	Surface	Sensor	Readout	LOD	Sample	Ref.
Optimize the ionic strength and the debye length of the detection	Target oligomers	DNA oligomers	APTES GA	Poly-Si NW	FET	Off-chip	0.1 fM	Buffer solution (BTP)	[151]
DNA detection	DNA	PNA	APTES GA PASE ETA	SiO2/Ti/Au/PMMA/SLG/copper/CVD-grown SLG	G-FET	Off-chip	10 fM	Buffer solution (PBS)	[153]
Nucleic acid analysis	Target DNA	Probe DNA	APTES EDC/NHS	SiO2/Si3N4/SWNT	CMOS-compatible SiNW-FET	Off-chip	1 fM	Buffer solution (PBS)	[154]
DNA hybridization sensing	Target DNA	Probe DNA	APTES GA	SiO2/Poly SiNW	CMOS-compatible poly-Si NW FET	Off-chip	1 fM	Buffer solution (PBS)	[155]
DNA detection	Target DNA	Probe DNA	PASE ETA	PS/Graphene/PMMA/Silicone rubber	FET	Off-chip	20 aM	Serum	[152]

ETA: ethanolamine, SLG: single-layer graphene, PNA: peptide nucleic acid, PASE: 1-Pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester, PS: polystyrene.