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. 2020 Oct 9;280:115072. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115072

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© 2020 The Author(s)

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 9 — Robustness check: GDP growth factor (GF) and annual demand for vehicles and metals. Note: Growth factor(GF) = 1 (orange) is the baseline result. Sources: Authors’ calculation. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)