Table 1.
Sample characteristics for all participants and by intervention type.
| Characteristics | Total sample (N=29) | VRa meditation (n=8) | Audio meditation (n=11) | VR imagery (n=10) | P valueb | |
| Age (years), mean | 21.6 | 21.9 | 21.7 | 21.2 | .71 | |
| Male, n (%) | 15 (52) | 5 (63) | 6 (55) | 3 (30) | .72 | |
| Race, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
.68 | |
|
|
White | 6 (21) | 2 (25) | 3 (27) | 1 (10) |
|
|
|
Black | 16 (55) | 3 (38) | 6 (55) | 7 (70) |
|
|
|
Mixed | 7 (24) | 3 (38) | 2 (18) | 2 (20) |
|
| Mental health diagnosisc, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any mental health disorder | 22 (76) | 6 (75) | 7 (64) | 9 (90) | .48 |
|
|
Depressive disorder | 17 (59) | 6 (75) | 6 (55) | 5 (50) | .64 |
|
|
Anxiety disorder | 15 (52) | 4 (50) | 5 (46) | 6 (60) | .89 |
|
|
ADHDd | 15 (52) | 5 (63) | 5 (46) | 5 (50) | .81 |
|
|
Posttraumatic stress disorder | 13 (45) | 4 (50) | 4 (36) | 5 (50) | .80 |
|
|
Bipolar disorder | 15 (52) | 5 (63) | 5 (46) | 5 (50) | .81 |
|
|
Schizophrenia | 3 (10) | 1 (13) | 2 (18) | 0 (0) | .47 |
|
|
Personality disorder | 6 (21) | 2 (25) | 2 (18) | 2 (20) | >.99 |
| Substance use disorder diagnosise, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Illicit drug use disorder | 4 (14) | 1 (13) | 2 (18) | 1 (10) | >.99 |
|
|
Alcohol use disorder | 3 (10) | 0 (0) | 3 (27) | 0 (0) | .09 |
|
|
Any past-month alcohol use | 14 (48) | 6 (75) | 5 (46) | 3 (30) | .19 |
|
|
Any past-month marijuana use | 17 (59) | 6 (75) | 7 (64) | 4 (40) | .36 |
|
|
Any past-month illicit drug use (not including marijuana) | 3 (10) | 0 (0) | 2 (18) | 1 (10) | .76 |
|
|
Any past-month tobacco use | 25 (86) | 7 (88) | 9 (82) | 9 (90) | >.99 |
aVR: virtual reality.
bP values for assessing group differences: small sample sizes limited the power to detect differences; one-way analysis of variance was conducted for age×randomization and the Fisher exact test was performed for all other comparisons by randomization.
cMental health diagnoses are self-reported lifetime diagnosis of a mental health condition.
dADHD: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
eSubstance use disorder diagnoses are lifetime; substance use frequency is based on a past-month timeframe.