Table 2.
Description of studies included in review
| Author/Country | Population/Study design | Exposures | Comparators | Treatments | TB occurrence | SARS-CoV/MERS/COVID-19 Severity rate/Time | SARS-CoV/MERS-CoV/COVID-19 Recovery rate/Time | Mortality rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Liu 2006 China [29] |
-Three males of 48(case 1), 18 (case 2) and 20 years (case 3) old with confirmed SARS-CoV -case series |
PTB SARS-CoV |
N/A |
Corticosteroids mechanical ventilation Anti TB drugs |
PTB diagnosed while case 1 was in the hospital. Case 2 and 3 were known TB on treatment. | Two patients developed mild SARS-CoV and one developed severe stage. | All of them recovered form SARS-CoV and continue anti-TB drugs | N/A |
|
Low 2004 Singapore [30] |
-Two males of 54 and 39 years old with confirmed SARS-CoV -Case series |
PTB SARS-CoV |
N/A |
intravenous immunoglobulin short course of high-dose corticosteroids Anti TB drugs |
PTB developed after four and 2 months prior to SARS-CoV. | Both of them developed severe SARS-CoV | Both of the cases recovered from SARS-CoV | N/A |
|
Wong 2004 Hong Kong [31] |
-30 years old male with confirmed SARS-CoV and HIV on ART -Case report |
HIV Latent TB SARS-CoV |
N/A |
Abacavir 300 mg Efavirenz 600 mg Kaletra Tenofovir 300 mg Ribavirin 1200 mg prednisolone 25 mg |
Diagnosed with PTB during hospitalization | Mild course SARS | The case recovered from SARS-CoV | N/A |
|
Alfaraj 2017 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [32] |
−13-year-old girl and A 30-year-old female with confirmed MERS-CoV -Case series |
PTB MERS-CoV |
N/A |
intensive care admission Anti TB drugs |
Both patients initially had TB before MERS-CoV | The 13 years old had severe MERS-CoV. However, the disease severity was moderate with the 30 years old. | Both of the cases recovered from MERS-CoV | N/A |
|
Singh 2020 India [33] |
76-year- old female with confirmed COVID-19 Case study |
PTB COVID-19 |
N/A |
hydroxychloroquine 400 mg twice daily in addition to antibiotics. Anti TB drugs |
Diagnosed with TB during admission | Mild to moderate COVID-19 | The patient recovered from COVID-19 | N/A |
|
He 2020 China [34] |
All three patients were males with 26, 67 and 76 years -Case series |
Previous TB PTB COVID-19 |
N/A |
Lopinavir + Ritonavir Arbidol Methyl prednisolone Antibiotics Traditional Chinese medicine Intravenous immunoglobulin Ventilatory support Antituberculosis |
Past medical history of TB years ago for all the three patients |
All of them had severe type of COVID-19 10 days after onset for the first symptom |
All of the three cases recovered from COVID-19 | N/A |
|
Cutler 2020 USA [35] |
61-year-old male with confirmed COVID-19 and history of Parkinson’s disease. Case study |
PTB COVID-19 |
N/A |
Hydroxychloroquine Oxygen supplementation Anti-TB drugs |
TB diagnosed in hospitalization | Critical COVID-19 stage | Recovered for COVID-19 | N/A |
|
Çınar 2020 Turkey [36] |
55-year-old male with a history of myelodysplastic Syndrome, immunocompromised, kidney failure and confirmed with COVID-19 Case study |
Disseminated TB COVID-19 |
N/A |
COVID-19 convalescent plasma Favipiravir meropenem Ventilatory support Anti-TB drugs |
TB diagnosed in hospitalization | Critical COVID-19 stage | Recovered for COVID-19 | N/A |
|
Faqihi 2020 Saudi Arabia [37] |
60 year-old male, hypertensive and diabetic, with confirmed COVID-19 Case study |
PTB COVID-19 |
N/A |
Lopinavir/ritonavir Ribavirin Dexamethasone Prophylactic anticoagulation Supportive ICU care Anti-TB drugs |
Previous TB history | Critical COVID-19 stage | Recovered for COVID-19 after 20 days | N/A |
|
Liu 2020a China [38] |
48 year-old, 26-year-old and 46-year-old males with confirmed COVID-19/TB co-infection Case series |
PTB COVID-19 |
N/A |
Arbidol Moxifloxacin Linezolid immunomodulatory therapy with thymopentin Ventilatory support Anti-TB drugs |
The first and the last case had LTBI and the second was a previous MDR-TB | All of them developed severe/critical COVID-19 courses | All of them recovered from COVID-19 with the range of 9 to 14 days | N/A |
|
Tham 2020 Singapore [39] |
32-year-old, 33-year-old, 22-year old and 40-year old males COVID-19/TB co-infected patients Case series |
PTB COVID-19 |
N/A |
COVID-19 antiviral drugs Anti-TB drugs |
N/A | N/A | All of them recovered. | N/A |
|
Stochino 2020 Italy [40] |
20 confirmed cases of COVID-19/TB co-infection. Among them, one case was also HIV-infected. The median age was 39 years Case series |
PTB Disseminated TB COVID-19 |
N/A |
Hydroxychloroquine. Ventilatory support Anti-TB drugs |
N/A |
7 out of 20 developed severe/critical COVID-19 13 out of 20 developed mild/moderate COVID-19 Average of 32 [range 14–57] days |
19 out of 20 patients recovered. | 1 patient died. |
|
Chen 2020 China [28] |
Only four cases of COVID-19/TB co-infection were included in a cohort of 203 confirmed COVID-19 cases. Case series |
PTB COVID-19 |
Survivors vs deceased | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 case out of 4 died. |
|
Du 2020 China [41] |
8 confirmed cases of COVID-19/TB prospective cohort study |
PTB COVID-19 |
Survivors vs deceased | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
COVID-19/TB: 0/8 COVID-19: 21/171 |
|
Davies 2020 South Africa [42] |
3978 COVID-19/HIV co-infected patients 18,330 COVID-19 infected patients, public sector patients aged ≥20 years. Population prospective cohort study |
Previous TB status Latent TB HIV COVID-19 |
COVID-19/HIV/TB vs COVID-19/TB |
Antiretroviral therapy Anti-TB COVID-19 antiviral therapies |
COVID-19/HIV/TB current TB: 172/3863 Previous TB: 864/3863 COVID-19/TB current TB: 145/ 17,820 Previous TB: 10/510 |
N/A |
COVID-19/HIV/TB: 1039/1094 COVID-19: 2827/2884 COVID-19/TB: 979/1034 COVID-19: 16841/17296 |
COVID-19/HIV/TB Current TB: 16/172 Previous TB: 42/864 COVID-19/TB Current TB: 10/145 Previous TB: 45/834 COVID-19/HIV/TB: 58/1034 COVID-19/HIV: 57/2884 COVID-19/TB: 55/1034 COVID-19: 455/17296 |
|
Karla 2020 Philipines [43] |
The matched sample 4510 consisted of COVID-19 patients, of which 113 had confirmed TB. The mean age of the total sample was 48.9 years Longitudinal matched cohort analysis |
Confirmed TB, which was defined as a history of or a current diagnosis of TB. | COVID-19/TB co-infection vs COVID-19/no TB | N/A | N/A |
Admitted in the hospital COVID-19/TB: 67/106 COVID-19: 236/424 |
COVID-19/TB Recovered: 57 /106 COVID-19 Recovered: 302/424 |
COVID-19/TB Died: 25 /106 COVID-19 Died: 46/ 424 |
|
Liu 2020 China [38] |
−36 confirmed COVID-19 cases Among which 13 were IGRA+ve to TB, mean age: 47 years Case-control study |
Previous TB status Latent TB COVID-19 |
Case series study of 115 bacterial and 62 other viral pneumonia. Controls selected in the same setting. | N/A |
Previous TB: 8/13 Current TB: 3/13 |
Severity: Mild/Moderate: 0/27 Severe/Critical: 3/9 -severe/critical COVID-19: 3.4 days after initial symptom development. |
N/A | N/A |
|
Li 2020 China [2] |
A total of 549 patients with COVID-19 were enrolled. The median age of study population was 60 years. Retrospective study |
PTB COVID-19 |
Non-Severe vs severe COVID-19 | N/A | N/A |
Severe: 4/269 Not severe: 5/ 279 |
N/A | N/A |
|
Zhang 2020 China [44] |
−140 confirmed COVID-19 cases, 2 of whom had secondary PTB -Retrospective study |
PTB COVID-19 |
Non-severe vs Severe COVID-19 | N/A | N/A |
Severity COVID-19/TB Severe: 2/58 Not severe: 0/82 |
N/A | N/A |
|
Zhang 2020b China [44] |
1350 confirmed cases of COVID-19 among which 8 were COVID-19/TB co-infected cases. Age (44.1 ± 17.9) years Retrospective cohort study |
PTB COVID-19 |
Non-severe vs Severe COVID-19 | N/A | N/A |
Severe: 3/229 Not severe: 2/1121 |
N/A | N/A |
|
Motta 2020 Italy, Belgium, Brazil, France, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland [47] |
- 49 confirmed TB and COVID-19 cases, median age 70 years Retrospective cohort study |
Previous TB status Latent TB COVID-19 One patient with HIV |
20 confirmed COVID-19/TB cases Retrospective cohort study (Cohort B) |
Hydroxychloroquine Lopinavir/ ritonavir Azythromycin Empiric antibiotic Enoxaparine 4000 IU Dexamethasone Oxygen through non-rebreather, 15lt/min Anti TB drugs |
−3 with previous TB diagnosed −8 (simultaneous diagnosis of COVID-10 and TB −11 had COVID-19 diagnosed between 7 and 75 days) after the TB diagnosis |
−5 patients had severe COVID-19 − 8 patients developed critical COVID-19 -Critical COVID-19: median of 9 (range 6–14) days after COVID-19 diagnosis |
60 cases recovered from COVID-19/TB co-infection the both cohorts. | 9 out of 69 died from COVID-19/TB co-infection |