Table 2.
Porosity and acidity characteristics of catalysts and catalytic hydro-pyrolysis performance of different catalysts.
| Catalysts | Surface area (m2/g)a | Acidic properties (μmol/g) | Experimental conditions | Primary product in liquid phase (wt.%) | References | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brönsted acidity | Lewis acidity | Total acidity | Raw material | H2 pressure (MPa) | ||||
| 5 wt.% Ni-ZSM-5b | 292 | None | None | None | Pine woodc | 40 | Aromatic compounds (41.3 ± 4.5) | Thangalazhy-Gopakumar et al., 2012 |
| 10 wt.% Ni-ZSM-5d | 331 | 1,900e | None | None | Scots Pine | APe | Low molecule weight Phenols (13.19) Aromatic hydrocarbons (21.86) |
Melligan et al., 2012 |
| 10 wt.% Ni-ZSM-5d | 331 | 1,900f | None | None | Mahogany | AP | Low molecule weight Phenols (16.13) Aromatic hydrocarbons (31.67) |
Melligan et al., 2012 |
| 10 wt.% Ni-ZSM-5d | 331 | 1,900f | None | None | Miscanthus × giganteus | AP | Low molecule weight Phenols (31.11) Aromatic hydrocarbons (21.73) |
Melligan et al., 2012 |
| 40 wt.% Ni-ZSM-5g | None | None | None | None | Cellulose | 2.0 | Hexitols (~48.6) | Liang et al., 2012 |
| 10 wt.% Ni-ZSM-5 | 254 | None | None | None | Guaiacol | 5.0 | 2-methoxycyclohexanol (12) | Barton et al., 2018 |
| 7 wt.% Ni-ZSM-5h | 173 | None | None | None | Methyl hexadecanoatei | 2.0 | n-C5-C16 alkane (71.0) | Na et al., 2012 |
a
Multi-point BET method.
b
ZSM-5 is commercially purchased, whose BET surface area is 301.9 m2/g.
c
Pine wood particle size is 149–177 μm.
d
ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 23) is commercially purchased, whose BET surface area is 425 m2/g.
e
Refers to atmosphere pressure.
f
The Brönsted acidity was measured by titration method with standardized 0.1 M NaOH (aq) after catalyst equilibrating with 0.1 M NaCl solution.
g
ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 25).
h
The ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 38) was commercially purchased.
i
The Methyl hexadecanoate was choose as model compound of vegetable oil.