Table 2.

Fecal carriage of ESBL-E among pregnant women by social-demographic, clinical factors, and hygienic factors

Variable	Total number	Fecal carriage, n (%)	p value
Overall	182	117 (64.3)
Age group			0.06
18–25	50	39 (78.0)
26–35	107	63 (58.9)
35+	25	15 (60.0)
Gestational age			0.69
37–39	121	75 (62.0)
40–42	57	39 (68.4)
43–45	4	3 (75.0)
Number of parity			0.26
0–1	73	50 (68.5)
2	53	36 (67.9)
3+	56	31 (55.4)
Education level			0.001
Low	80	62 (77.5)
High	102	55 (53.9)
HIV status			0.16
Positive	9	8 (88.9)
Negative	173	109 (63.0)
Self-prescription of antibiotic medication in pregnancy			0.001
Yes	95	72 (75.8)
No	87	45 (51.7)
Types of toilet used			1.00
Flush	154	99 (64.3)
Hole	28	18 (64.3)
Toilet sharing			0.01
No	46	22 (47.8)
Yes	136	95 (69.9)
Handwashing with soap before eating			0.17
Yes	159	99 (62.3)
No	23	18 (78.3)
Handwashing using soap after defecation			0.03
Yes	156	95 (60.9)
No	26	22 (84.6)
Use of treated drinking water			0.27
Yes	113	69 (61.1)
No	69	48 (69.6)

In bold p value of less than 0.05 that indicates statistically significant association (Fisher’s exact test)