Table 3.

Socio-demographic, clinical, and hygienic factors associated with ESBL-E fecal carriage by bivariate analysis

Variable	Total number	Positive, n (%)	cOR	95% CI	p value
Age (p = 0.06)	182	117 (64.3)	0.95	0.89–1.00	0.07
Educational level (p = 0.001)
Low	80	62 (77.5)	2.94	1.53–5.66	0.001
High	102	55 (53.9)	1
HIV status (p = 0.16)
Positive	9	8 (88.9)	4.70	0.57–38.42	0.15
Negative	173	109 (63.0)	Ref
Self-prescription of antibiotic medication in pregnancy (p = 0.001)
Yes	95	72 (75.8)	2.92	1.56–5.49	0.001
No	87	45 (51.7)	Ref
Toilet sharing (p = 0.01)
No	46	22 (47.8)	Ref
Yes	136	95 (69.9)	2.53	1.27–5.01	0.008
Handwashing with soap before eating (p = 0.17)
Yes	159	99 (62.3)	Ref
No	23	18 (78.3)	2.18	0.77–6.18	0.14
Handwashing using soap after defecation (p = 0.03)
Yes	156	95 (60.9)	Ref
No	26	22 (84.6)	3.53	1.16–10.74	0.03

cOR crude odds ratio, Ref reference