Table 3.

Results from linear mixed models for the change of each objective measures after intervention.

Balance domain	Measure	Fixed factor	Beta	t-value	Lower CI	Upper CI	p-value
Gait	Arm ROM (degree)	Intervention	−15.883	−7.88	−19.865	−11.902	<0.001
		Order	2.958	1.468	−1.023	6.938	0.144
		Period	−2.057	−1.021	−6.037	1.922	0.309
	DT Gait speed (m/s)	Intervention	−0.102	−5.412	−0.139	−0.065	<0.001
		Order	0.016	0.834	−0.021	0.053	0.406
		Period	−0.043	−2.301	−0.08	−0.006	0.023
	Trunk coronal ROM (degree)	Intervention	−0.58	−4.052	−0.862	−0.297	<0.001
		Order	0.014	0.095	−0.269	0.296	0.925
		Period	−0.005	−0.032	−0.287	0.278	0.974
	Foot strike angle (degree)	Intervention	−1.606	−3.75	−2.452	−0.76	<0.001
		Order	−0.445	−1.04	−1.291	0.4	0.3
		Period	−0.862	−2.012	−1.707	−0.016	0.046
	Toe off angle (degree)	Intervention	−0.706	−2.414	−1.283	−0.128	0.017
		Order	0.176	0.602	−0.401	0.753	0.548
		Period	−0.79	−2.705	−1.368	−0.213	0.008
	DC Stride length (%)	Intervention	−2.021	−1.606	−4.507	0.465	0.11
		Order	1.293	1.028	−1.192	3.777	0.306
		Period	−0.127	−0.101	−2.612	2.358	0.92
	Trunk sagittal ROM (degree)	Intervention	−0.205	−1.714	−0.441	0.031	0.088
		Order	0.209	1.751	−0.027	0.445	0.082
		Period	−0.047	−0.393	−0.283	0.189	0.695
	Stance time (%)	Intervention	0.287	1.684	−0.05	0.623	0.094
		Order	−0.139	−0.815	−0.475	0.198	0.417
		Period	0.469	2.751	0.132	0.805	0.007
	Gait cycle duration SD (s)	Intervention	0.001	0.389	−0.003	0.005	0.698
		Order	−0.001	−0.513	−0.005	0.003	0.609
		Period	0.005	2.45	0.001	0.01	0.015
	DT Trunk transverse ROM (degree)	Intervention	−0.113	−0.41	−0.657	0.431	0.682
		Order	−0.16	−0.581	−0.704	0.384	0.562
		Period	0.031	0.112	−0.513	0.575	0.911
	Turn velocity (degree/s)	Intervention	1.754	0.544	−4.619	8.127	0.587
		Order	−0.575	−0.178	−6.945	5.795	0.859
		Period	−7.29	−2.261	−13.66	−0.92	0.025
Sway	EOFoam RMS ML (m/s2)	Intervention	0.016	2.233	0.002	0.029	0.027
		Order	0.005	0.719	−0.009	0.019	0.473
		Period	0.007	1.002	−0.007	0.021	0.318
	EOFoam Jerk AP (m2/s5)	Intervention	4.871	1.916	−0.159	9.901	0.058
		Order	−0.059	−0.023	−5.086	4.968	0.982
		Period	−3.604	−1.418	−8.632	1.424	0.159
	ECFirm Velocity ML (m/s)	Intervention	0.023	1.443	−0.008	0.054	0.151
		Order	0.01	0.652	−0.021	0.042	0.516
		Period	−0.015	−0.928	−0.046	0.017	0.355
	EOFoam RMS AP (m/s2)	Intervention	0.013	1.102	−0.01	0.036	0.272
		Order	0.013	1.122	−0.01	0.036	0.264
		Period	0.001	0.044	−0.023	0.024	0.965
	EOFirm Sway area (m/s2)	Intervention	−0.007	−0.713	−0.025	0.012	0.477
		Order	0.017	1.837	−0.001	0.036	0.068
		Period	0	0.004	−0.019	0.019	0.997
APAs	First step ROM (degree)	Intervention	−3.94	−3.265	−6.323	−1.557	0.001
		Order	−1.235	−1.024	−3.617	1.147	0.307
		Period	1.808	1.499	−0.574	4.19	0.136
	Peak ML (m/s2)	Intervention	−0.008	−3.016	−0.013	−0.003	0.003
		Order	−0.003	−1.305	−0.009	0.002	0.194
		Period	−0.007	−2.613	−0.012	−0.002	0.01
	Latency (s)	Intervention	0.066	1.719	−0.01	0.141	0.088
		Order	0.012	0.324	−0.063	0.088	0.747
		Period	−0.042	−1.087	−0.117	0.034	0.279
	DT Latency (s)	Intervention	0.023	0.47	−0.073	0.118	0.639
		Order	−0.003	−0.072	−0.099	0.092	0.943
		Period	−0.031	−0.641	−0.126	0.064	0.523
	DT peak ML (m/s2)	Intervention	−0.001	−0.234	−0.005	0.004	0.815
		Order	−0.004	−1.684	−0.009	0.001	0.094
		Period	−0.002	−0.619	−0.006	0.003	0.537
APRs	Length ML (m)	Intervention	0.043	1.969	0	0.086	0.051
		Order	0.007	0.304	−0.037	0.05	0.761
		Period	−0.02	−0.917	−0.063	0.023	0.361
	Time to stability (s)	Intervention	−0.007	−0.06	−0.233	0.219	0.952
		Order	−0.073	−0.638	−0.298	0.153	0.525
		Period	0.047	0.409	−0.179	0.272	0.683
	Length vertical (m)	Intervention	0.005	1.133	−0.003	0.012	0.259
		Order	0.003	0.686	−0.005	0.011	0.494
		Period	−0.005	−1.288	−0.013	0.003	0.2

Values in bold indicate significant intervention effects at p < 0.01. Lower and upper 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for beta are also presented. Italic values indicate standardized response mean (SRM). Objective measures are arranged in descending order of SRM for Exercise intervention.

ROM, range of motion; DT, dual-task; DC, dual-task cost; EOFirm, firm surface with eyes open; EOFoam, foam surface with eyes open; ECFirm, firm surface with eyes closed; RMS, root mean square; ML, medio-lateral; APAs, anticipatory postural adjustments; APRs, automatic postural responses.