Table 4.
Phototherapy based on NIR light-responsive biomaterials for implant-related infections
| Reference | Surface modification | Photoresponsive agents | Antibacterial mechanism | Wavelength (nm) and, power density (W·cm-2) | In vitro studies | In vivo studies | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Highest temperature (radiation time) | Antibacterial rates (bacteria, radiation time) | Highest temperature (position, radiation time) | Antibacterial rates (position, bacteria, radiation time) | |||||
| Yuan Z. et al. 16 | Mesoporous PDA nanoparticles (MPDA) + ICG + RGD coating | PDA | (a) accelerated bacterial death due to hyperthermia produced by photothermal conversion of MPDA, (b) ROS produced by released ICG with the assistance of heat | 808 nm, 0.75 W·cm-2 in vitro, 2.0 W·cm-2 in vivo | 51.2 °C (5 min), | 99.7% (S. aureus, 5 min), | 51.3 °C (the femur of Sprague Dawley rats, 10 min), | 95.4% (S. aureus, 10 min) |
| Yuan Z, et al. 139 | MoS2/PDA-RGD coating | MoS2 | (a) hyperthermia produced by photothermal effect, (b) accelerating GSH oxidation induced by NIR, (c) intrinsic ROS-independent oxidative stress of MoS2 nanosheets | 808 nm, 0.5 W·cm-2 in vitro, 1 W·cm-2 in vivo | 56.4 °C (8 min) | 92.7 % (S. aureus, 8 min), 95.1 % (E. coli, 8 min) | 51.5 °C (rabbits' tibia near keen joint, 10 min) | 94.6% (S. aureus, 10 min) |
| Hong L. et al. 90 | Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) @ trisilver phosphate (Ag3PO4) coating | Bi2S3 | (a) hyperthermia produced by photothermal conversion of Bi2S3, (b) ROS produced by Bi2S3, (c) bacteriostatic properties of Ag3PO4 | 808 nm | 52.4 °C within 3 min | 0.5 W·cm-2 3 min + 0.25 W·cm-2 12 min: 99.45 % (S. aureus), 99.74 % (E. coli) | 1.5 W·cm-2 + 1 W·cm-2 to maintain 50 °C (Sprague Dawley rats' tibia near the knee joint) | 94.54% (S. aureus, 15 min) |
| Huang B. et al. 92 | Red phosphorus/IR780/RGDC coating | Red phosphorus | (a) hyperthermia produced by photothermal conversion of red phosphorus, (b) ROS produced by IR780 under NIR light | 808 nm, 0.5 W·cm-2 | - | - | 50 °C within 10 min (rats' tibia near keen joint) | Only a few bacterial colonies (S. aureus) |
| Tang L. et al. 28 | 808 nm, 0.5 W·cm-2 in vitro, 2.0 W·cm-2 in vivo | 53.2 °C (250 s) | 89.3 % (S. aureus, 10 min) | 50 °C after 2 min of irradiation (rats' tibia near keen joint) | 96.2% (S. aureus, 10 min) | |||
| Zhang G. et al. 27 | TiO2/MoS2/PDA/RGD nanorod arrays coating | TiO2/MoS2 | (a) ROS produced by 660 nm VL and 808 nm NIR light, (b) hyperthermia produced by photothermal conversion of MoS2 doped TiO2 NAs, and (c) physical puncture of the nanorods. | Dual light sources (808 nm, 0.5 W cm-2; 660 nm, 0.5 W·cm-2) | 55 °C (10 min) | 97.8% (S. aureus, 10 min) | 50.2 °C (the back of Kunming mice, 10 min) | - |
| Su K. et al. 15 | Oxygen-deficient S-doped TiO2 coating | Ti-S-TiO2-x | (a) ROS produced by 808 nm NIR light and ultrasound, (b) hyperthermia produced by photothermal conversion of Ti-S-TiO2-x | 808 nm, 0.35 W·cm-2 | 54.9 °C (5 min) | 99.995% (S. aureus, 5 min), | - | 99.43% (the bilateral tibial plateaus of Wistar rats, S. aureus, 15 min) |
PDA: Polydopamine, ICG: Indocyanine Green, RGD: Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, GSH: Glutathione, RGDC: Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-cysteine.