Table 5.

NIR light-responsive phototherapy systems for rheumatoid arthritis

References	Phototherapy systems	Step 1: Phototherapy				Step 2: Osteogenesis	In vivo studies
		Anti-inflammatory mechanisms	Wavelength, power density and radiation time	Photothermal effect	Photodynamic effect		Animal models	Phototherapy
Pan W. et al. 83	BPNs/Chitosan/PRP thermos-responsive hydrogel	Photothermal and photodynamic properties of BPNs	808 nm, 1.0 W·cm-2, 8 min	43.19% photothermal conversion efficiency	Distinct ROS generation	Biotherapy of PRP and phosphorus-driven, calcium-extracted biomineralization	DBA1/J mouse rheumatoid arthritis model	1.0 W·cm-2 808 nm NIR light for 8 min
Lu Y. et al. 18	Cu7.2S4 nanoparticles	Photothermal and photodynamic properties of Cu7.2S4 NPs	808 nm, 1.0 W·cm-2, 10 min	55 °C in 500 µg·mL-1 Cu7.2S4 NPs solution	Singlet oxygen production and intracellular ROS generation	Osteogenic ability of Cu	CIA models (SD rats)	1.0 W·cm-2, 808 nm NIR light for 10 min

BPN: Black phosphorus nanosheets, PRP: Platelet-rich plasma, CIA models: Type II collagen induced rheumatoid arthritis models, UCNP: Upconversion nanoparticle, PJI models: Periprosthetic joint infection models.