TABLE I. Major risk factors associated with the acquisition of an invasive fungal disease.

Risk factor	Specific conditions	Most common pathogens
Medical intervention	Catheters, intravascular or intracranial devices	Candida albicans, Candida spp.
	Broad-spectrum antibiotics use	C. albicans, Candida spp.
	Neurosurgical procedures, contaminated devices and drug preparations	Candida spp., saprophyte fungi
Treatment-induced immunosuppression	Severe prolonged neutropenia	Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus spp.
	Solid organ transplantation	C. albicans, Candida spp., A. fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans
	Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation	A. fumigatus, C. albicans, Candida spp., Pneumocystis jirovecii, Mucormycetes
	Biological agents	Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus spp., P. jirovecii, dimorphic fungi, Mucormycetes
Disease-induced immunosuppression	HIV infection	P. jirovecii, C. neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Talaromyces marneffei
	Uncontrolled diabetes	Rhizopus oryzae, Mucormycetes
	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	A. fumigatus
Co-infection	Tuberculosis	A. fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, H. capsulatum, C. neoformans, C. albicans
	Cytomegalovirus	P. jirovecii, Aspergillus spp., non-Aspergillus molds
	SARS-CoV-2 infection	A. fumigatus
Environmental exposure	Trauma	R. oryzae, Mucormycetes

HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.