TABLE 2.

Summary of stability and avidity engineering of scFvs in bacteria.

Classification	Group	Institute	Methodology	References
Directed evolution	Gregory Winter	University of Cambridge	Phage display	Jespers et al., 2004
	Daniel Christ	Garvan Institute of Medical Research	Phage display	Dudgeon et al., 2012
	Dane Wittrup	MIT	Yeast display	Graff et al., 2004; Chao et al., 2006
	Scott Glaser	Biogen Idec	Bacterial screening	Miller et al., 2010
Rational design	Ira Pastan	NIH	Non-native disulfide bond	Brinkmann et al., 1993
	Andreas Plückthun	University of Zurich	Disrupting the hydrophobic patches	Nieba et al., 1997
	Wei Chen	Jiangnan University	Non-native disulfide bond	Zhao et al., 2010
	Ning Deng	Jinan University	Non-native disulfide bond	Cai et al., 2016
	Hiroshi Morioka	Kumamoto University	Cyclization of scFv	Yamauchi et al., 2019
	Alexey Lugovskoy	Merrimack Pharmaceuticals	Tyrosine substitution	Zhang et al., 2015
	An-Suei Yang	National Defense Medical Center in Taipei	Hydrophobic domains	Hsu et al., 2014
	Robin Curtis	University of Manchester	Substitution of Arginine	Austerberry et al., 2019
	Boris Steipe	University of Toronto	Consensus-based	Steipe, 2004
	Alexey Lugovskoy	Biogen Idec	Consensus-based	Jordan et al., 2009
Computation	Andreas Plückthun	University of Zurich	Structure-based	Ewert et al., 2003, 2004
	David R. Liu	Harvard University	Supercharging	Lawrence et al., 2007
	Andrew Ellington	University of Texas at Austin	Supercharging	Miklos et al., 2012
	Peter Bowers	AnaptysBio	Integrative approach	McConnell et al., 2013; McConnell et al., 2014
	George Georgiou and Andrew Ellington	University of Texas at Austin	Rosetta modeling	Lee et al., 2019
Fusion partner	Yechen Xiao	Jilin University	SUMO	Liu et al., 2015
	Junichi Takagi	Osaka University	Fv-clasp	Arimori et al., 2017
Chaperone coexpression	Shihua Wang	Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University	Skp	Wang et al., 2013
Multimerization	Sergey Kipriyanov	Affimed Therapeutics AG	Diabody: bispecific	Le Gall et al., 2004
	C Ronald Geyer	University of Saskatchewan	SpyCatcher: trispecific	Alam et al., 2018