| Postural behaviours |
| Normal upright |
Nu |
Standing, walking or playing while exhibiting a usual posture or gait; smooth movements. |
| Abnormal upright |
Au |
Standing exhibiting unusual posture for example Rounded, hunched appearance; ataxia; jerky movements; walking unsteadily, backwards, on knees. |
| Total upright |
Sum of: Nu+au |
All upright postures pooled. |
| Normal lying |
Nl |
Ventral recumbency, all legs tucked under body or very close to body. |
| Abnormal lying |
Al |
Twisted lying; ventral recumbency with forelimbs tucked under body, one or both hind limbs partially or fully extended; including dog sitting and lateral lying (lateral recumbency with one shoulder on ground, hind limbs and/or forelimbs fully extended). |
| Active pain-related behaviours |
| Restlessness |
Rst |
Number of times lamb stood up and laid down. Instances of lamb rising as far as its knees included in the one count. |
| Kicking/foot stamping |
Fsk |
Either a front or hind limb (usually hind limb) was lifted and forcefully placed on the ground while standing or was used to kick while standing or lying. |
| Rolling |
Rl |
Rolled from lying on one side to the other without getting up. Half rolls where the lamb rolled on its back and then returned to lying on the same side included. |
| Jumping |
Jmp |
All four feet off ground simultaneously. |
| Licking/biting wound site |
Lbw |
Movement of the head beyond the shoulder, including both looking and touching at the source of pain and grooming. |
| Head shake |
Sh |
Forceful voluntary shake of the head. |
| Easing quarters |
Eq |
Abnormally lowers rear quarters (standing) or attempts to keep quarters off the ground (lying). |
| Sum of pain-related behaviours |
Sum of: Rst+fsk+rl+jmp+lbw+eq |
All pain related behaviours pooled. |
