Table 1.
Summary of Literature on Gentrification in Minority Neighborhoods
| Location | Study | Setting or Findings Relevant to Racial/Ethnic Composition and Gentrification |
|---|---|---|
| New York, NY | Smith (1996) | • Setting (Harlem): black neighborhood, black gentrifiers |
| Mele (2000) | • Setting (Lower East Side): Latino neighborhood, white gentrifiers | |
| Taylor (2002) | • Setting (Harlem): black neighborhood, black gentrifiers | |
| Dávila (2004) | • Setting (East Harlem): Latino neighborhood, white gentrifiers | |
| Freeman (2011) | • Setting (Harlem and Clinton Hill): black neighborhood, black gentrifiers | |
| New York, NY & Chicago, IL | Hyra (2008) | • Setting (Harlem and Bronzeville): black neighborhood, black gentrifiers first, white gentrifiers later |
| Timberlake and Johns-Wolfe (2017) | • Finding: % black predicts gentrification by blacks but not by whites in Chicago, % Latino predicts gentrification by whites in New York City | |
| Chicago, IL | Pérez (2004) | • Setting (Near Northwest Side): Latino neighborhood, white gentrifiers |
| Berrey (2005) | • Setting (Andersonville)/Finding: mixed-race neighborhood, residents claim to value diversity but prefer a limited share of minorities | |
| Wilson and Grammenos (2005) | • Setting (Humboldt Park): Latino neighborhood | |
| Lloyd (2006) | • Setting (Wicker Park): Latino neighborhood, white gentrifiers | |
| Pattillo (2007) | • Setting (North Kenwood-Oakland): black neighborhood, black gentrifiers | |
| Boyd (2008) | • Setting (Bronzeville): black neighborhood, black gentrifiers | |
| Bader (2011) | • Finding: white residents do not consider racial mix as important for preferences for redeveloped neighborhoods | |
| Douglas (2012) | • Setting (West Town): Latino neighborhood adjacent to black neighborhood, white gentrifiers | |
| Sampson (2012) | • Finding: neighborhood hierarchy by poverty and % black is durable over time | |
| Anderson and Sternberg (2013) | • Setting (Bronzeville and Pilsen)/Finding: black neighborhood (Bronzeville) and Latino neighborhood (Pilsen), black neighborhood gentrifies slower due to reputation | |
| Hwang and Sampson (2014) | • Finding: % black and % Latino negatively predict gentrification’s advancement in gentrifying neighborhoods and in neighborhoods adjacent to gentrification | |
| Delmelle (2016) | • Finding: most upgrading neighborhoods are racially diverse at baseline | |
| Chicago, IL, Houston, TX, Los Angeles, CA, & New York, NY | Bader and Warkentien (2016) | • Finding: 1970–2010, no evidence of white entry into black neighborhoods |
| Philadelphia, PA | Anderson (1990) | • Setting: mixed-race neighborhood adjacent to black neighborhood, white gentrifiers |
| Moore (2009) | • Setting: black neighborhood, black gentrifiers | |
| Wherry (2011) | • Setting (Centro de Oro): Latino neighborhood | |
| Hwang (2016b) | • Setting (Southwest Center City)/Finding: black neighborhood, white gentrifiers who maintain boundaries associated with areas that are still predominantly black | |
| Washington, DC | Hyra (2017) | • Setting (Shaw/U-Street): black neighborhood, black gentrifiers first, white gentrifiers later |
| U.S. | Spain (1980) | • Finding: 1967–1976, white inmovers replacing black outmovers in central cities is rare |
| Bostic and Martin (2003) | • Finding: 1970–1990, black homeowners contributed to gentrification during the 1970s but not the 1980s | |
| Logan and Zhang (2010) | • Finding: 1980–2000, white entry into predominantly black tracts is rare | |
| Owens (2012) | • Finding: 1970–2010, vast majority of minority urban neighborhoods do not experience socioeconomic ascent, though the proportion increases substantially during the 2000s from prior decades | |
| Freeman and Cai (2015) | • Finding: 1980–2010, white entry into predominantly black tracts is rare but increased substantially in 2000s; more likely in less segregated cities | |
| Landis (2016) | • Finding: 1990–2010, % white positively predicts gentrification in central cities but not % black or % Hispanic | |
| Owens and Candipan (2018) | • Finding: 1990–2010, most majority-minority neighborhoods remain majority-minority; high-SES whites replacing minority neighborhoods is more likely in ascending Hispanic neighborhoods than ascending black neighborhoods |