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. 2020 Sep 25;8:572749. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.572749

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Copyright © 2020 Huang, Liu, Ong, Yuan, Zhou, Wang, Tan, Chow, Yang, Shi, Ye and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The effect of IL-13 on nasal epithelial barrier dysfunction and immune responses against RV infection in hNECs. Altered hNECs composition (cilia loss and mucus overproduction) in the presence of IL-13 is associated with the reduced expression of TJ proteins. Different TJ proteins are located in different types of nasal epithelial cells whereby ZO-1 and occludin are expressed in both ciliated cells and goblet cells while claudin-3 is only expressed in ciliated cells. RV infection which only targets ciliated cells induced minimal changes to TJs dysfunction. However, hNECs predisposed with IL-13 stimulation impaired the capacity for interferon activation and chemokine signaling. Moreover, the upregulation of TSLP expression in IL-13-treated hNECs suggests that RV infection in nasal epithelium predisposed with type-2 cytokine could lead to enhanced allergic inflammation which may further drive inflammation during RV-induced exacerbation of disease. The green arrow indicates downregulation and the red arrows indicate upregulation.