Table 3.
General linear mixed models: momentary craving and contextual correlates (n = 1377).
| Model 1 b(SE) |
Model 2 b(SE) |
Model 3 b(SE) |
Model 4 b(SE) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 1.98(.15)*** | 1.97(.15)*** | 1.87(.15)*** | 1.87(.15)*** |
| Between-subject (BS) | ||||
| Male | −.35(.18)^ | −.34(.18)^ | −.35(.18)^ | −.35(.18)^ |
| EMA completed in Korean | .13(.19) | .13(.19) | .12(.19) | .13(.19) |
| Language | ||||
| % smoking occasions/all prompts1 | −1.74(1.18) | −1.79(1.19) | −1.80(1.19) | −1.77(1.19) |
| Negative affect1 (NA) | .43(.20)* | .43(.20)* | .43(.20)* | .43(.20)* |
| % with Korean friend1 (KF) | −.21(.63) | −.37(.72) | −.38(.72) | −.40(.72) |
| % with non-Korean friend1 (NKF) | 1.40(1.00) | 1.33(1.02) | 1.25(1.03) | 1.28(1.02) |
| % with family1 (FAMILY) | .05(.67) | .02(.68) | .02(.68) | .01(.68) |
| % with other people1 (OTHER) | .24(.63) | .19(.65) | .22(.65) | .24(.63) |
| Nicotine Dependence1 (NicDep) | .10(.04)* | .10(.04)* | .10(.04)* | .11(.04)** |
| % around others smoking1 (OS) | .34(.72) | .42(.73) | .35(.72) | |
| Within-subject (WS) | ||||
| Weekend | .01(.04) | .02(.04) | <.01(.04) | .01(.04) |
| Time in study | .02(.01)** | .03(.01)** | .02(.01)** | .02(.01)** |
| NA-WS2 | .43(.04)*** | .43(.04)*** | .31(.06)*** | .43(.04)*** |
| KF-WS2 (vs. alone) | .09(.04)* | .04(.05) | −.03(.07) | .06(.05) |
| NKF-WS2 (vs. alone) | −.04(.08) | −.08(.08) | .13(.11) | −.03(.08) |
| FAMILY-WS2 (vs. alone) | −.02(.06) | −.02(.06) | −.03 (.08) | .02(.06) |
| OTHER-WS2 (vs. alone) | .08(.06) | .07(.06) | .11(.08) | .11(.06) |
| OS-WS2 | .12(.05)* | .27(.09)** | .03(.05) | |
| Smoking2 (vs. random) | .19(.05)*** | .19(.03)*** | ||
| Interaction terms | ||||
| NA-WS × smoking | .22(.08)** | |||
| KF-WS × smoking | .18(.09)* | |||
| NKF-WS × smoking | −.29(.16)^ | |||
| FAMILY-WS × smoking | .15(.12) | |||
| OTHER-WS × smoking | .04(.11) | |||
| OS-WS × smoking | −.34(.11)** | |||
| NA-WS × NicDep | −.02(.02) | |||
| KF-WS × NicDep | −.02(.02) | |||
| NKF-WS × NicDep | −.02(.04) | |||
| FAMILY-WS × NicDep | −.02(.04) | |||
| OTHER-WS × NicDep | −.04(.03) | |||
| OS-WS × NicDep | .02(.03) |
Model 1 tests the association between social contexts and momentary craving, controlling for relevant covariates; Model 2 tests the influence of presence of others; Model 3 tests whether the relationship between craving and social/smoking contexts when about to smoke differs from that of random prompts; Model 4 tests whether nicotine dependence levels moderates this relationship.
Note: NA = Negative Affect; KF = Korean friend; NKF = Non-Korean friend; FAMILY = Family member; OTHER = Other people; OS = Others smoking; NicDep = Nicotine Dependence assessed with Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scale.
BS variable centered at grand mean (0 = grand mean).
WS variable centered at person-mean (0 = person-mean).
p < .10.
p < .05.
p < .01.
p < .001.