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. 2020 Oct 8;10:16847. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73809-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Morbidity of DWV in bumble bees. (a) qPCR analysis of DWV level in developed bumble bees injected with 10⁶ GE of VVD DWV at white-eyed (P0-P1) pupa stage. Individual values for each sample are shown with dots, lines represent mean ± SD, “GE” —genome equivalents. (b) Percentage of visually normal (“norm”), discolored (“disc”) and non-viable (“nv”) bumble bees developed from pupae in VVD DWV-injected (n = 43) and PBS-injected (“Mock”, n = 37) groups. (c) Phenotype of bumble bees developed from pupae in the incubator.