Table I.
Characteristics of study participants at inclusion in the ED according to 30-day clinical outcomes
| Characteristic | All (n = 76) | No oxygen requirement (n = 24) | Oxygen requirement (n = 52) |
P value∗ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No intubation/death (n = 35) | Intubation/death (n = 17) | ||||
| Demographic | |||||
| Sex: female, n (%) | 43 (57) | 12 (50) | 22 (62) | 9 (52) | .584 |
| Age (y), mean ± SD | 62 ± 17 | 54 ± 19 | 62 ± 15 | 72 ± 12 | .002 |
| Residence in nursing home, n (%) | 8 (10) | 0 (0) | 4 (11) | 4 (23) | .057 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (4.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | .334 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Any | 55 (72) | 18 (75) | 26 (74) | 11 (64) | .724 |
| Hypertension | 36 (47) | 9 (37) | 19 (54) | 8 (47) | .447 |
| Asthma | 18 (23) | 9 (37) | 6 (17) | 3 (17) | .157 |
| Diabetes | 17 (22) | 4 (16) | 10 (28) | 3 (17) | .486 |
| Obesity† | 19 (27) | 6 (28) | 8 (25) | 5 (31) | .894 |
| Cardiovascular disease‡ | 10 (13) | 2 (8.0) | 3 (8.6) | 5 (29) | .080 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 3 (3.9) | 1 (4.0) | 0 (0) | 2 (11) | .124 |
| Neurological disorder§ | 11 (14) | 2 (8.0) | 3 (8.6) | 6 (35) | .022 |
| Active cancer | 3 (3.9) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.7) | 1 (5.9) | .486 |
| Hepatitis or liver cirrhosis | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0) | .552 |
| Chronic renal failure‖ | 3 (3.9) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.7) | 1 (5.9) | .486 |
| Chronic inflammatory diseases¶ | 4 (5.3) | 4 (16.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | .010 |
| Symptoms | |||||
| Duration (d), median (IQR) | 7 (5.7-11) | 7 (5-11) | 7 (7-11) | 8 (4-10) | .905 |
| History of fever, n (%) | 62 (82) | 18 (75) | 28 (80) | 16 (100) | .105 |
| Cough, n (%) | 68 (90) | 21 (87) | 33 (94) | 14 (87) | .602 |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 58 (76) | 15 (62) | 30 (86) | 13 (76) | .120 |
| Vital signs at inclusion in ED | |||||
| Glasgow Coma Scale score <15, n (%) | 2 (2.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (12) | .032 |
| Temperature (°C), median (IQR) | 37.0 (36.7-38.2) | 37.1 (37.0-37.0) | 37.6 (37.0-38.0) | 38.0 (37.0-38.0) | .102 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg), median (IQR) | 133 (122-142) | 133 (119-141) | 133 (125-143) | 135 (118-142) | .889 |
| Heart rate (bpm), median (IQR) | 85 (77-95) | 80 (75-85) | 87 (80-100) | 85 (82-98) | .018 |
| Respiratory rate (vpm), median (IQR) | 23 (18-28) | 20 (17-23) | 23 (18-28) | 26 (25-34) | .001 |
| Oxygen saturation, median (IQR) | 96 (93-97) | 96 (96-97) | 95 (94-97) | 93 (91-95) | .001 |
| Clinical scores at inclusion in ED | |||||
| qSOFA ≥ 2, n (%) | 2 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (12) | .034 |
| CRB-65 ≥ 2, n (%) | 9 (13) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (8.6) | 6 (35) | .003 |
| Laboratory findings at inclusion in ED | |||||
| Leukocyte count (G/L), median (IQR) | 6.2 (4.8-8.0) | 5.1 (4.4-6.0) | 6.4 (5.4-7.5) | 8.7 (5.7-10) | .002 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L), median (IQR) | 139 (129-149) | 145 (139-154) | 136 (127-147) | 135 (131-145) | .053 |
| Platelet count (G/L), median (IQR) | 212 (160-288) | 226 (163-274) | 209 (158-293) | 186 (158-275) | .720 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 91 (79-109) | 91 (70-98) | 89 (77-113) | 105 (88-126) | .034 |
| Radiology | |||||
| Infiltrate on chest radiograph, n (%) | 54 (76) | 10 (53) | 29 (83) | 15 (88) | .018 |
| Clinical outcome, n (%) | |||||
| 7-d intubation/death | 15 (20) | ||||
| 30-d intubation/death | 17 (22) | ||||
| 7-d oxygen requirement | 52 (68) | ||||
| 30-d oxygen requirement | 52 (68) | ||||
BMI, Body mass index; BP, blood pressure; bpm, beats per minute; CKD, chronic kidney disease; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; IQR, interquartile range; vpm, ventilations per minute.
Missing values: obesity 7, duration of symptoms 8, fever 1, cough 1, vital signs 5, blood cell count 1, chest radiograph 6, lung ultrasound 5, CRB-65 4, qSOFA 3.
∗
Differences between the 3 groups evaluated by 1-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, or χ2, as appropriate.
†
BMI > 30 kg/m2.
‡
Heart failure, coronary disease.
§
Stroke, dementia, Parkinson.
‖
Stage III-V according to CKD classification.
¶
Autoimmune or chronic inflammatory disease.