Table 2.
Subgroups used to report cost results in the 87 costing studies
| Subgroup | N of studies (%) | References |
|---|---|---|
| Presence of comorbiditya | 18 (21) | [42, 51, 58, 60, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73–77, 82, 88, 97, 104, 105, 107] |
| Interventionb | 10 (11) | [29, 30, 33, 43, 50, 56, 68, 90, 93, 96] |
| Age | 6 (7) | [62, 63, 65, 67, 74, 92] |
| Type of HF | 8 (9) | [23–26, 41, 48, 72, 82] |
| Hospital typec | 5 (6) | [22, 63, 70, 83, 94] |
| Sex | 3 (3) | [62, 63, 92] |
| Ethnicity | 5 (6) | [59, 65, 106, 108, 109] |
| Number of HF events | 1 (1) | [88] |
| Season | 1 (1) | [92] |
| US region | 1 (1) | [62] |
| Health plan typed | 1 (1) | [87] |
| Type of hospital admissione | 1 (1) | [37] |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 3 | 1 (1) | [67] |
| Readmission status | 1 (1) | [79] |
| Hospital frailty riskf | 1 (1) | [80] |
| CV risk levelg | 1 (1) | [88] |
CV cardiovascular, CVD cardiovascular disease, HF heart failure
aComorbidities included: acute kidney injury, protein-energy malnutrition, chronic kidney disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, hyperkalemia, obstructive sleep apnea, hyponatremia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, dementia or Alzheimer disease, end-stage renal disease asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, atrial fibrillation or flutter, stroke, depression and disorders such as post-traumatic stress, drug or alcohol use
bInterventions studied included: cardiac resynchronization therapy, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitor agents, implantable hemodynamic monitoring, sacubitril/valsartan, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker, ultrafiltration, spironolactone, orthotopic heart transplantation, left ventricular assist device implantation
cHospital type included: hospital ownership, non-/transplant hospital, hospital teaching status, low/average/high -pisode payment hospitals
dHealth plan type included: commercial or Medicare Advantage with Part D
eType of hospital admission included: non-elective/elective hospital admission
fLow/intermediate/high frailty risk
gCardiovascular risk level included: secondary CV disease prevention (patients with a history of a CV event), high risk (patients not in the secondary CVD prevention cohort but who had CVD or risk-equivalent conditions), and primary prevention (patients with no CV event history or CVD)