Table 2.
Virological features and HIV drug resistance mutations in HIV-infected children and transferred with available pol sequence or resistance profile at sampling time.
| Variable | Non-transferreda (N = 75) | Transferredb (N = 133) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| ART exposure, No. (%) | |||
| Naïve | 23 (30.6) | 16 (12.0) | 0.0015 |
| Treated | 50 (66.7) | 117 (88.0) | 0.0004 |
| Unknown | 2 (2.7) | 0 | 0.1289 |
| ART experience, No. (%) | 50 | 117 | |
| Mono/dual NRTI | 30 (60.0) | 51 (43.6) | 0.8825 |
| NRTI + NNRTI | 4 (8.0) | 1 (0.9) | 0.0285 |
| NRTI + PI | 3 (6.0) | 12 (10.2) | 0.5566 |
| Triple (NRTI + NNRTI + PI) | 9 (18.0) | 39 (33.3) | 0.0612 |
| With ≥ 3 family drugs* | 1 (2.0) | 1 (0.9) | 0.5104 |
| Unknown data | 3 (6.0) | 13 (11.1) | 0.3972 |
| Age at first ART experience, years, median [IQR] | 0.8 [0.3–4.3] | 3.4 [0.9–6.4] | 0.0023 |
| Time from diagnosis to ART start, median [IQR] | 4.5 weeks [0.4–24.8] | 1.5 years [0.2–4.6] | < 0.0001 |
| ART exposure time, years, median [IQR] | 15.2 [10.5–19.4] | 22.7 [20.8–24.4] | < 0.0001 |
| Year of last available sequence, No. (%) | |||
| 1993–1997 | 4 (5.3) | 15 (11.3) | 0.2112 |
| 1998–2002 | 6 (8.0) | 21 (15.8) | 0.1342 |
| 2003–2007 | 15 (20.0) | 38 (28.6) | 0.1888 |
| 2008–2012 | 30 (40.0) | 32 (24.1) | 0.0184 |
| 2013–2017 | 18 (24.0) | 27 (20.2) | 0.5996 |
| Unknown | 2 (2.7) | 0 | 0.1289 |
| Nº of naïve patients pol with sequence, No. | 23 | 16 | |
| Nº of naïve patients with TDR, No. (%) | 4 (17.4) | 2 (12.5) | 1.0000 |
| To NRTI | 3 (13.0) | 2 (12.5) | 1.0000 |
| To NNRTI | 0 | 0 | |
| To PI | 3 (13.0) | 0 | 0.2550 |
| Double resistance (NRTI + PI) | 2 (8.7) | 0 | 0.5033 |
| Triple resistance (NRTI + NNRTI + PI) | 0 | 0 | |
| Only | |||
| To NRTI | 1 (4.3) | 2 (12.5) | 0.5570 |
| To NNRTI | 0 | 0 | |
| To PI | 1 (4.3) | 0 | 1.0000 |
| Nº of pretreated patients, No. | |||
| With pol sequences | 49 | 113 | 1.0000 |
| With resistance profile | 1 | 4 | 1.0000 |
| HIV-1 variants prevalence, No. (%) | N = 75 | N = 130 | |
| B subtype | 51 (68.0) | 121 (93.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Non-B variants | 24 (32.0) | 9 (6.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Pure non-B subtypes | 8 (10.7) | 4 (3.1) | 0.0329 |
| CRF | 15 (20.0) | 4 (3.1) | 0.0001 |
| URF | 1 (1.3) | 1 (0.8) | 1.0000 |
| Unknown | 0 | 3 (2.3) | 0.3005 |
ART antiretroviral therapy, NRTI nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, NNRTI non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, PI protease inhibitor, INI integrase inhibitor, T20 enfuvirtide, TDR transmitted drug resistance, DRM drug resistance mutation, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, CRF circulating recombinant form, URF unique recombinant form; Subtype information was available in 205 of the 208 patients under study. They included 203 subjects with pol sequence and two patients (1 non-transferred and 1 transferred youth) with no available pol sequence but available HIV-1 variant information in their clinical report. In bold, significant p values (< 0.05).
*Both transferred adolescent and child had INI, T20 and CXCR5 inhibitor experience.
aPatients from Madrid Cohort of HIV-1 infected children and adolescents under follow-up in pediatric units.
bTransferred from pediatric to adult units.