Table 2.

Details of breakthrough parameters.

Sr. no.	Breakthrough parameters	Formula
1	Breakthrough time (tb)	Time at Ct/C0 = 0.1
2	Exhaust time (te)	Time at Ct/C0 = 0.9
3	Breakthrough volume (vb)	vb = tb/Flow rate
4	Exhaust volume (ve)	ve = te/Flow rate
5	Time require for the movement of mass transfer zone (tδ) downward	$t_{\delta }=\raisebox{1ex}{$\left(V_e-V_b\right)$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$Flowrate$}\right.$
6	Adsorption capacity at t0.5 (mg/g)	[Breakthrough time at 50% × flow rate (mL/min) × feed concentration (mg/L)]/mass of adsorbent (gm)
7	Height of MTZ (HMTZ)	$H_{\mathit{MTZ}}=\raisebox{1ex}{$Z\left(t_e-t_b\right)$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$t_e$}\right.$
8	MTZ moving rate (Uz)	$U_Z=\raisebox{1ex}{$H_{\mathit{MTZ}}$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$t_{\delta }$}\right.$