Table 2.
Study quality (Pedro scale) and risk of bias assessment.
| Item/Study | Pedro | Risk of bias assessment | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Sum PEDro | Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants and personnel* | Blinding of outcome assessment* | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | Other bias | |
| Alp, 2014 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Low | High | High | Low | Unknown | Low | Low |
| Alrwaily, 2019 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Low | Low | High | High | Unknown | Low | Unknown |
| Andrusaitis, 2011 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Low | Low | High | Low | Unknown | Low | High |
| Arampatzis, 2017 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Low | High | High | High | Unknown | Low | Low |
| Areeudomwong, 2019 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Unknown |
| Bae, 2018 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Unknown | High | High | High | Unknown | Low | Low |
| Bauer, 2019 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Low | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Low |
| Brooks 2012 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Unknown | High | High | Low | Low | Unknown | Unknown |
| Chung, 2018 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Unknown | High | High | High | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| Critchley, 2007 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Low | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Unknown |
| Da Luz, 2019 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Demirel, 2019 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Low | Low | High | High | Unknown | Low | Unknown |
| Ferreira 2007 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Franca 2012 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Unknown | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Ghorbanpour, 2018 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Low | High | High | High | Unknown | Low | Low |
| Hosseinifar, 2013 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Low | High | High | Low | High | Low | Unknown |
| Hwang, 2013 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | Unknown | High | High | High | High | Low | High |
| Ibrahim, 2018 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Inani, 2013 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Unknown | High | High | High | Unknown | Unknown | High |
| Khodadad, 2019 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Unknown |
| Kim, 2018 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Low | High | High | High | High | High | Unknown |
| Kim, 2019 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Low | High | High | High | High | Low | Unknown |
| Ko, 2018 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | Unknown | High | High | High | High | Low | High |
| Kofotolis, 2016 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Unknown | Low | High | High | High | Low | Low |
| Lee, 2014 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Low | High | High | High | Unknown | Unknown | High |
| Lee, 2011 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | Unknown | High | High | High | High | Unknown | High |
| Letafatkar, 2017 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | Unknown | High | High | High | High | Low | Unknown |
| Liu, 2019 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Low | High | High | High | Unknown | Low | Unknown |
| Lomond, 2015 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | Unknown | High | High | Low | Unknown | Low | Low |
| Macedo, 2012 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Marshall, 2013 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | Unknown | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Unknown |
| Miller, 2013 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Unknown | High | High | High | Unknown | Low | Unknown |
| Moon, 2013 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Unknown | High | High | Low | Unknown | Low | Low |
| Noormohammadpour, 2018 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Unknown | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Low |
| Rabin, 2014 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Unknown | Low | High | High | High | Low | Unknown |
| Rasmussen-Barr, 2003 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Unknown | High | High | High | Unknown | Low | Unknown |
| Rasmussen-Barr, 2009 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low |
| Rhee, 2012 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Low | Low | High | High | High | Low | Unknown |
| Salamat, 2017 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | Unknown | High | High | High | High | Low | Unknown |
| Seo, 2019 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | Low | High | High | High | High | Low | Unknown |
| Shamsi 2017 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Low | High | High | High | Unknown | Low | High |
| Shaughnessy, 2004 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Unknown | High | High | High | Unknown | Low | Unknown |
| Soundararajan, 2016 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | Unknown | High | High | High | High | Unknown | Low |
| Sung, 2013 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Unknown | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Unknown |
| Ulger, 2017 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Unknown | High | High | Low | High | Low | Unknown |
| Unsgaard-Tondel, 2010 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low |
| Vikranth, 2015 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Unknown | High | High | High | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| Waseem, 2018 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | Unknown | Low | High | High | Unknown | High | Unknown |
| Woo, 2016 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Unknown | High | High | High | Unknown | High | High |
| Young, 2015 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | Unknown | High | High | High | High | High | High |