Table 1.

Abridged table showing the populations at risk if An. stephensi were to establish in urban cities of Africa (full table in SI Appendix)^*

The cities are listed in order of increasing distance from confirmed An. stephensi presences in Africa and many of the cities that are not shown in the abridged version are identified as highly suitable (SI Appendix, Table S3). The habitat suitability for An. stephensi classification was evaluated from the predicted habitat suitability map (Fig. 3). The quartiles for the full distribution of predicted values within the current species range were calculated and used to assign suitability class. Class 4 (below the lower quartile, indicating lowest suitability) is not found in any listed city (full table in SI Appendix, Table S3). Classes 3 (indicated as pale blue) and 2 (pale yellow) indicate increasing increments of suitability, with class 1 (red) indicating the highest suitability (i.e., predictions greater than the upper quartile value). Population data are taken from Brinkoff (40) listing urban agglomerations with ≥ 1 million inhabitants. The distance from An. stephensi records (data collated by this study) was calculated in QGIS (41) using United Nations (UN) sourced city coordinates which were also used to evaluate the distance from P. falciparum and P. vivax endemic zones (16). The 11 cities closest to the current An. stephensi distribution are all within the malaria endemic zone.

^*Addis Ababa is within the area of the malaria endemic zone, but due to its altitude (∼2300 m) is considered nonendemic.