Table 1. Baseline Participant Characteristics by Intervention Groupa.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 805) | Control (n = 201) | Sweepstakes (n = 199) | Deadline sweepstakes (n = 204) | Sweepstakes and contract (n = 201) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 58.5 (10.3) | 57.9 (10.5) | 58 (9.2) | 59.9 (11.1) | 58.1 (10.5) |
| Female | 519 (64.5) | 130 (64.7) | 130 (65.3) | 131 (64.2) | 128 (63.7) |
| Race/ethnicityb | |||||
| Black | 383 (47.6) | 89 (44.3) | 102 (51.3) | 102 (50.2) | 90 (44.8) |
| White | 369 (45.9) | 98 (48.8) | 85 (42.7) | 89 (43.8) | 97 (48.3) |
| Other | 52 (6.5) | 14 (7.0) | 12 (6.0) | 12 (5.9) | 14 (7.0) |
| Hispanic or Latinob | 22 (2.8) | 8 (4.0) | 6 (3.1) | 5 (2.5) | 3 (1.5) |
| Educationb | |||||
| High school or less | 223 (27.8) | 61 (30.3) | 63 (32.0) | 55 (27.0) | 44 (22.0) |
| Some college | 257 (32.0) | 64 (31.8) | 65 (33.0) | 59 (28.9) | 69 (34.5) |
| College degree | 322 (40.1) | 76 (37.8) | 69 (35.0) | 90 (44.1) | 87 (43.5) |
| Annual income | |||||
| <$50 000 | 414 (51.4) | 105 (52.2) | 101 (50.8) | 106 (52.0) | 102 (50.7) |
| ≥$50 000 | 380 (47.2) | 93 (46.3) | 96 (48.2) | 95 (46.6) | 96 (47.8) |
| Do not wish to answer | 11 (1.4) | 3 (1.5) | 2 (1.0) | 3 (1.5) | 3 (1.5) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Single | 206 (25.6) | 54 (26.9) | 54 (27.1) | 53 (26.0) | 45 (22.4) |
| Married or unmarried partners | 429 (53.3) | 113 (56.2) | 99 (49.7) | 103 (50.5) | 114 (56.7) |
| Divorced or widowed | 170 (21.1) | 34 (16.9) | 46 (23.1) | 48 (23.5) | 42 (20.9) |
| Smoke >5 cigarettes on most daysb | 87 (10.8) | 18 (9.0) | 27 (13.6) | 23 (11.3) | 19 (9.5) |
| Recruitment source | |||||
| Employer or insurance | 67 (8.3) | 17 (8.5) | 16 (8.0) | 18 (8.8) | 16 (8.0) |
| Penn Medicine | 738 (91.7) | 184 (91.5) | 183 (92.0) | 186 (91.2) | 185 (92.0) |
| Baseline LDL-C level, mean (SD), mg/dL | 143.2 (42.5) | 146.6 (45.4) | 145.6 (43.7) | 140.5 (41.1) | 140.1 (39.5) |
| Diagnosed with diabetes | 514 (63.9) | 120 (59.7) | 136 (68.3) | 127 (62.3) | 131 (65.2) |
| Diagnosed with ASCVD | 273 (33.9) | 77 (38.3) | 56 (28.1) | 74 (36.3) | 66 (32.8) |
| Screening LDL-C level >190 mg/dL | 108 (13.4) | 30 (14.9) | 27 (13.6) | 24 (11.8) | 27 (13.4) |
| 10-y ASCVD risk of at least 7.5%b,c | 12 (1.5) | 4 (2.0) | 2 (1.0) | 5 (2.5) | 1 (0.5) |
| Pill bottle modeld | |||||
| 1 | 507 (63.1) | 134 (67.1) | 125 (63.1) | 123 (60.1) | 125 (62.1) |
| 2 | 184 (23.1) | 44 (22.1) | 45 (23.1) | 48 (24.1) | 47 (23.1) |
| 3 | 63 (8.1) | 17 (8.1) | 16 (8.1) | 18 (9.1) | 12 (6.1) |
| Multiple models | 51 (6.1) | 6 (3.1) | 13 (7.1) | 15 (7.1) | 17 (8.1) |
SI conversion factor: To convert LDL-C to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259.
Abbreviations: ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
a
No differences across columns were statistically significant.
b
Contains missing data. Percentages will not sum to 100.
c
Assessed only if participant was not eligible according to diagnoses of diabetes or ASCVD or LDL-C level greater than 190 mg/dL.
d
See Putt et al15 for detailed description of pill bottle designs and Supplement 1 for sensitivity analysis.