Table 2.

Risk factors associated with acute kidney dysfunction in traumatic rhabdomyolysis

Variables	Simple logistic regressions		Multivariable logistic regressiona
	OR (95%CI)	P	OR (95%CI)	P
Demographics
Age (for every 10 years)	1.16 (0.98–1.38)	0.083	1.30 (1.06–1.60)	0.01
Gender
Male	0.53 (0.2–1.31)	0.167	–
Female	–
Trauma mechanism
Blast	–		0.334 (0.10–1.12)	0.08
Penetrating	3.56 (1.21–10.48)	0.022
Blunt	4.83 (1.59–14.71)	0.006
Severity scores
RTS	0.82 (0.69–0.98)	0.026	–
ISS	1.04 (1.01–1.06)	0.003	–
AIS head & neck	0.89 (0.78–1.03)	0.118	–
AIS face	0.78 (0.59–1.02)	0.068	–
AIS thorax	1.30 (1.12–1.51)	< 0.001	1.23 (1.04–1.46)	0.02
AIS abdomen/pelvis	1.23 (1.06–1.43)	0.006	–
AIS extremity	1.09 (0.93–1.29)	0.293	–
AIS external	0.71 (0.50–1.00)	0.052	–
APACHE II	1.08 (1.05–1.12)	< 0.01	1.05 (1.01–1.09)	0.03
Biochemical markers
Initial lactic acid	1.23 (1.11–1.36)	< 0.001	1.17 (1.03–1.33)	0.02
Initial base deficit	1.12 (1.06–1.19)	< 0.01	–
Higher CK	1.00 (0.99–1.0)	0.12	–
CK > 5000 U/L	2.35 (1.29–4.31)	< 0.01	2.64 (1.31–5.33)	< 0.001
Resuscitation & nephrotoxic agents
Fluid balance, first day	1.16 (1.06–1.27)	< 0.01	–
Fluid balance 72 h	1.20 (1.12–1.28)	< 0.01	–
Packed red blood cells, first day	1.09 (1.02–1.17)	0.011	–
FFP transfusion	2.28 (1.31–3.98)	< 0.01	–
Bicarbonate administration	2.4 (1.96–5.44)	0.035	–
Contrast administration	1.43 (0.80–2.54)	0.23	–
Contrast dose ×100 mg	1.32 (1.04–1.67)	0.02	–
Norepinephrine administration	2.42 (1.42–4.1)	< 0.01	–
Vasopressin administration	1.59 (0.79–3.19)	0.19	–
Dobutamine administration	4.37 (1.74–11.0)	< 0.01	3.16 (1.01–9.94)	0.049

^aStepwise multivariable logistic regression model with backwards elimination. Variables with P value < 0.1 were retained in the model. OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, RTS Revised trauma score, ISS Injury severity score, AIS Abbreviate injury scale, CK Creatine kinase, FFP Fresh frozen plasma