Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 10.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2019 Nov 6;134:105280. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105280

Table 3.

Characteristics of the chemicals in top third for both ToxPi weighting schemes.

CASRN Compound # of samples Age of PW (range) Type Reported to FracFocus Toxicity Value?§ Citation
50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene 32 1–90 d U Yes (Bell et al., 2017; Chittick and Srebotnjak, 2017; Hayes, 2009; Hayes and Severin, 2012; He et al., 2017; Regnery et al., 2016; Shih et al., 2015)
959-98-8 Endosulfan I 4 0–90 d U (Hayes, 2009; Shih et al., 2015)
127-18-4 Tetrachloroethylene 5 1 d - 38 mo U Yes (Akob et al., 2015; Hayes, 2009; Hayes and Severin, 2012; NYSDEC, 2015; Shih et al., 2015)
53-70-3 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 13 1–90 d U Yes (Bell et al., 2017; Chittick and Srebotnjak, 2017; Hayes, 2009; Hayes and Severin, 2012; Shih et al., 2015)
124-18-5 Decane 18 1 wk - 18 mo U Breaker (Hoelzer et al., 2016; Maguire-Boyle and Barron, 2014; Strong et al., 2014; Wesolowski et al., 1987)
56-55-3 Benz(a)anthracene 76 1–90 d U Yes (Bell et al., 2017; Chittick and Srebotnjak, 2017; Hayes and Severin, 2012; He et al., 2017; Regnery et al., 2016; Shih et al., 2015)
205-99-2 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 40 1–90 d U Yes (Bell et al., 2017; Chittick and Srebotnjak, 2017; Hayes, 2009; Hayes and Severin, 2012; He et al., 2017; Shih et al., 2015)
106-46-7 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 2 ns U Yes (Shih et al., 2015)
126-73-8 Tributyl phosphate† 50 PW CBM Defoamer Yes (Orem et al., 2014, 2007; Pashin et al., 2014a)
64-19-7 Acetic acid 11 14–328 d U, C, CBM Corrosion inhibitor/iron control (Cluff et al., 2014; Hayes, 2009; Lester et al., 2015; Shih et al., 2015; Sirivedhin and Dallbauman, 2004; U.S. EPA, 2016)
87-61-6 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 4 14–90 d U Yes (Hayes, 2009; Shih et al., 2015)
108-88-3 Toluene 734 1 d to > 2 yrs U, C, CBM, EOR Paraffin Inhibitor Yes (Akob et al., 2015; Carey et al., 1992; Chittick and Srebotnjak, 2017; Cluff et al., 2014; Dahm et al., 2011; DiGiulio and Jackson, 2016; Hayes, 2009; Hayes and Severin, 2012; Hoelzer et al., 2016; Kassotis et al., 2015; Khan et al., 2016; Maguire-Boyle and Barron, 2014; NYSDEC, 2015; Rogers et al., 1992; Rosenblum et al., 2017; Shih et al., 2015; Sirivedhin and Dallbauman, 2004; Thacker et al., 2015; U.S. EPA, 2016; Wesolowski et al., 1987; Ziemkiewicz et al., 2014; Ziemkiewicz and Thomas He, 2015)
79-34-5 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 2 PW C Yes (Sirivedhin and Dallbauman, 2004)
98-95-3 Nitrobenzene 3 PW C, CBM Yes (Sirivedhin and Dallbauman, 2004)
108-95-2 Phenol 49 1 d to >10 yrs U, C, EOR Proppant, Other Yes (Carey et al., 1992; DiGiulio and Jackson, 2016; Gieg et al., 2010; Hayes, 2009; Hayes and Severin, 2012; Hoelzer et al., 2016; Lester et al., 2015; NYSDEC, 2015; Shih et al., 2015; U.S. EPA, 2016; Wesolowski et al., 1987)
91-20-3 Naphthalene 712 1 d to >10 yrs U, C, CBM Other* Yes (Bell et al., 2017; Chittick and Srebotnjak, 2017; Cluff et al., 2014; DiGiulio and Jackson, 2016; Hayes, 2009; Hayes and Severin, 2012; He et al., 2017; Hoelzer et al., 2016; Kassotis et al., 2015; Lyman et al., 2018; NYSDEC, 2015; Orem et al., 2014, 2007; Pashin et al., 2014b, 2014a; Regnery et al., 2016; Shih et al., 2015; Sirivedhin and Dallbauman, 2004; U.S. EPA, 2016; Wesolowski et al., 1987)
319-86-8 delta-Hexachloro-cyclohexane 3 0–14d U (Hayes, 2009; Shih et al., 2015)
112-30-1 1-Decanol† 4 1–3 wks U Acid Corrosion Inhibitors (Hoelzer et al., 2016; Shih et al., 2015)
104-76-7 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 4 1–3 wks U Corrosion Inhibitor (Hoelzer et al., 2016; Shih et al., 2015)
503-74-2 Isovaleric acid† 6 1–3 wks U, C, CBM (Hoelzer et al., 2016; Sirivedhin and Dallbauman, 2004; U.S. EPA, 2016)
143-07-7 Dodecanoic acid† 67 1–3 wks U, CBM (Hoelzer et al., 2016; Orem et al., 2007; Pashin et al., 2014b, 2014a)
123-91-1 1,4-Dioxane 41 1–90 d U Other* Yes (Hayes and Severin, 2012; Lester et al., 2015; Shih et al., 2015; U.S. EPA, 2016)
71-43-2 Benzene 647 1 d to > 2yrs U, C, CBM Carrier Fluid, Surfactant Yes (Akob et al., 2015; Chittick and Srebotnjak, 2017; Cluff et al., 2014; Dahm et al., 2011; DiGiulio and Jackson, 2016; Hayes, 2009; Kassotis et al., 2015; Khan et al., 2016; NYSDEC, 2015; Rogers et al., 1992; Rosenblum et al., 2017; Shih et al., 2015; Sirivedhin and Dallbauman, 2004; U.S. EPA, 2016; Wesolowski et al., 1987; Ziemkiewicz et al., 2014; Ziemkiewicz and Thomas He, 2015)

PW – Produced Water; U – Unconventional; C – Conventional; CBM – Coalbed Methane; EOR – Enhanced Oil Recovery.

*

Other – multiple usages listed.

†

No U.S. EPA-approved analytical test method exists for this chemical.

§

Quantitative toxicity values available from the databases described in the U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) Guidance document under Directive 9285.7–53 (U.S. EPA, 2003).