Table 1.

Systemic clinical manifestations and associations of acute and chronic bromine exposure

Organ System	Clinical and systemic manifestations or associations
Integumentary	Irritation, vesicles, pustules, blistering	Contact dermatitis
	Ulcerating chemical burns	Halogen acne*
	Tissue necrosis	Bromoderma tuberosum*
Endocrine	Hypothyroidism*	Goiter*
Neurological	Headache†	Memory deficits†
	Ataxia	Chronic fatigue*
	Nausea/vomiting	Psychosis
	Cognitive impairment†	Schizophrenia*
Cardiovascular	Cardiac arrhythmias	Myocardial degeneration*
	Circulatory arrest
Renal	Nephrotoxicity
Pulmonary	Bronchospasm	Alveolar rupture
	Pulmonary edema	Pneumomediastinum
	Airway hyperreactivity†	Chemical pneumonitis
	Rhinorrhea	Pulmonary fibrosis*
	Acute respiratory failure	Emphysematous changes*
	ARDS
Gastrointestinal	Oropharyngeal chemical burns	Gastroenteritis
	Mucous membrane damage	Ulceration or gastric perforation
Other	Possible carcinogen

^*Chronic;

^†Acute and chronic;

ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome

Sources: – Makarovsky, Markel, et al.; Lam, Vetal, et al.