Study ID	Country	n	When conducted	Design	Method	Sampling method	HL specific	Other theory guided	Type of theory
SARS-CoV-2
Betsch 2020 [29]	GER	1000	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.
Geldsetzer 2020a 2020b [58,59]	UK, USA	5974	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Khan 2020 [60]	PAK	302	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Ma 2020 [39]	AUS	28	during	qual.	Focus groups	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Nguyen 2020 [31]	VNM	3974	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	yes	no	n.a.
Okan 2020 [30]	GER	1000	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	yes	no	n.a.
Roy 2020 [61]	IND	662	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Wang 2020a 2020b [36,37]	CHN	1738	during	obs Pp	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Wolf 2020 [32]	USA	630	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	yes	no	n.a.
Zhong 2020 [62]	CHN	6919	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
SARS-CoV-1									n.a.
Bener 2004 [63]	QAT	1386	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Bergeron 2005 [64]	CAN	300	post	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Blendon 2004 [65]	CAN, USA	1500	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.
Brug 2004 [66]	NLD	373	during	obs cross	Quest.	unclear	no	no	n.a.
Cava 2005 [42]	CAN	21	during	qual.	Interview	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Chan 2007 [67]	HKG	296/122	during	obs Pp Intervention	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Cheng 2006 [68]	CHN, SGP, HKG, CAN	300	during	obs Pp	Quest.	Conv.	no	yes	THB
Chuo 2014 [69]	TWN	294/88	partly during (first survey wave)	obs Pp	Quest.	Conv.	no	yes	THB
Des Jarlais 2006/2005 [70,71]	USA	928	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	yes	OM
Deurenberg-Yap 2005 [72]	SGP	853	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	yes	OM
Hazreen 2005 [73]	MYS	201 house holds	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.
Ishizaki 2004 [74]	JPN	821	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	yes	THB
Jiang 2009 [41]	UK, NLD	164	post	Qual.	Focus groups	Conv.	no	yes	GT
Lau 2003 [75]	HKG	1397	during	obs Pp	Quest.	repr.	no	yes	THB
Lau 2005 [76]	HKG	820	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.
Lau 2004 [77]	HKG	820	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	yes	THB
Leung 2003 [78]	HKG	1115	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.
Leung 2005 [79]	HKG	4481	post	obs Pp	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.
Leung 2004/2009 [80,81]	HKG, SGP	1906	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.
Lim 2003 [82]	SGP	101	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Peng 2010 [83]	TWN	1278	post	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.
Quah 2004 [84]	SGP	1201	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.
Seng 2004 [85]	SGP	593	post	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Siu 2016 [44]	HKG	40	post	qual.	interview	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
So 2004 [86]	HKG	163/112	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Tan 2004 [87]	CHN	1807	during	obs retros	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Tang 2003 [88]	HKG	2331	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	yes	THB
Tang 2005 [89]	HKG	354	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	yes	THB
Tracy 2009 [90]	CHN	500	post	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	yes	PHM
Tse 2003 [43]	HKG	40	during	qual.	interview	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Vartti 2009 [91]	NLD, FIN	681	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	yes	MISR
Voeten 2009 [33]	UK, NLD	300	post	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	yes	THB
Wills 2008 [40]	CAN	19	during	qual.	interview	Conv.	no	no
Wong 2005 [92]	HKG	230	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	yes	THB
Yip 2007 [93]	HKG	463	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no
Zwart 2009 [94]	DNK,NLD, UK, ESP, POL, SGP, CHN, HKG	3436	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	yes	THB
MERS-CoV
Al-Hazmi 2018 [95]	SAU	1109	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Al-Mohaissen 2017 [96]	SAU	1541	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Alhomoud 2017 [38]	SAU	292/257	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Almutairi 2015 [97]	SAU	1147	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Alotaibi 2017 [98]	SAU	417	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Alqahtani 2016a/2016b [99,100]	AUS	421	during	obs Pp	Quest.	Conv.	no	yes	THB
Alqahtani 2017 [101]	SAU, KWT, UAE, QAT, BHR, OM	1812	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	yes	THB
Althobaity 2017 [102]	SAU	2120	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Ashok 2016 [103]	SAU	404	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Bawazir 2018 [104]	SAU	676	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Gautret 2013 [105]	FRA	360	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Hoda 2016 [106]	SAU	854/658	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	yes	CPM
Hou 2018 [107]	SGP	2969	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	yes	THB
Jang 2018 [34]	KOR	1036	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	yes	THB
Kamau 2019 [108]	KEN	22	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Kim 2018 [35]	KOR	814	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	yes	VBM
Lee 2019 [109]	KOR	855	post	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.
Lee 2016 [110]	KOR	6739	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.
Lin 2017 [111]	USA	627	both	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.
Migault 2019 [112]	FRA	82	during	obs Pp Intervention	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Nooh 2010 [113]	SAU	384	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.
Sahin 2015 [114]	TUR	381	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Tashani 2014 [115]	AUS	119	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Yang 2017 [116]	KOR	1470	during	obs cross	Quest.	Conv.	no	no	n.a.
Yang 2019 [117]	KOR	222,599	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.
Yoo 2016 [118]	KOR	1000	during	obs cross	Quest.	repr.	no	no	n.a.