Table 3. Predictors of conduction disorders/pace-maker implantation at 1-year follow-up.
| Baseline and intraoperative characteristics | Overall (n=96) | Persistent or new CD at 1-year (n=29) |
Recovery or no-new CD at 1-year (n=67) |
Univariate analysis (P value) |
Multivariable analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P value | |||||
| Age (years) | 72.2±7.8 | 74.4±6.1 | 71.0±8.2 | 0.034 | 1.096 | 1.011–1.187 | 0.026 |
| Gender | 0.185 | – | – | – | |||
| Male | 59 (61.5) | 21 (72.4) | 38 (56.7) | ||||
| Female | 37 (38.5) | 8 (27.6) | 29 (43.3) | ||||
| Arterial hypertension | 71 (74.0) | 28 (93.3) | 43 (65.2) | 0.072 | – | – | – |
| Diabetes mellitus | 25 (26.0) | 7 (24.1) | 18 (26.9) | 0.641 | – | – | – |
| NYHA functional class | 0.612 | – | – | – | |||
| I | 1 (1.0) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0) | ||||
| II | 37 (38.5) | 10 (34.5) | 27 (40.3) | ||||
| III | 53 (55.0) | 17 (58.6) | 36 (53.7) | ||||
| IV | 5 (5.2) | 1 (3.4) | 4 (6.0) | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 58.6±10.1 | 58.8±9.5 | 59.8±8.8 | 0.430 | 1.05 | 0.988–1.116 | 0.114 |
| EuroScore II (%) | 1.9±1.5 | 1.7±1.1 | 1.9±1.7 | 0.925 | – | – | – |
| Cardiac rhythm | – | – | – | ||||
| Sinus rhythm | 87 (90.6) | 27 (93.1) | 60 (89.5) | 0.706 | |||
| Atrial fibrillation | 9 (9.4) | 2 (6.9) | 7 (10.4) | ||||
| Atrioventricular block I (of patients in sinus rhythm) | 36 (41.4) | 13 (44.8) | 23 (4.3) | 0.472 | – | – | – |
| Conduction disorders at baseline | |||||||
| Not present | 58 (60.4) | 18 (62.1) | 40 (59.7) | 0.797 | – | – | – |
| Present, right-sided | 7 (7.3) | 1 (3.4) | 6 (9.0) | ||||
| Present, left-sided | 28 (29.2) | 8 (27.6) | 20 (29.9) | ||||
| Present, right and left sided | 3 (3.1) | 2 (6.9) | 1 (1.5) | ||||
| Right-sided conduction disorder at baseline | |||||||
| Right-sided | 9 (9.4) | 3 (10.3) | 6 (9.0) | 0.717 | 0.371 | 0.074–1.851 | 0.226 |
| No right-sided | 86 (89.6) | 26 (89.7) | 61 (91.0) | ||||
| Left-sided conduction disorder at baseline | 0.721 | ||||||
| Left-sided | 28 (29.2) | 8 (27.6) | 20 (29.9) | 0.866 | 0.813 | 0.262–2.523 | |
| No left-sided | 68 (70.8) | 21 (72.4) | 47 (70.1) | ||||
| Type of operation | |||||||
| Isolated AVR | 55 (57.3) | 18 (62.1) | 37 (55.2) | 0.696 | – | – | – |
| CABG | 37 (38.5) | 9 (31.0) | 28 (41.8) | ||||
| Mitral replacement | 1 (1.0) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0) | ||||
| ASD closure | 3 (3.1) | 1 (3.4) | 2 (3.0) | ||||
| Type of procedure | 0.635 | ||||||
| Isolated AVR | 55 (57.3) | 18 (62.1) | 37 (55.2) | – | – | – | |
| Combined procedures | 41 (42.7) | 11 (37.9) | 30 (44.7) | ||||
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min) | 121.6±46.8 | 122.4±52.2 | 120.2±42.9 | 0.990 | 1.004 | 0.975–1.034 | 0.792 |
| Aortic cross-clamp time (min) | 87.5±33.7 | 87.9±33.9 | 86.0±33.3 | 0.814 | 0.995 | 0.956–1.036 | 0.802 |
| Surgical approach | |||||||
| Full sternotomy | 85 (88.5) | 27 (93.1) | 58 (86.6) | 0.622 | – | – | – |
| Minimally invasive approach | 11 (11.5) | 2 (6.9) | 9 (13.4) | ||||
| Prosthesis size | |||||||
| 19 mm | 9 (9.4) | 0 (0) | 9 (13.4) | 0.039 | – | – | – |
| 21 mm | 22 (22.9) | 6 (20.7) | 16 (23.9) | ||||
| 23 mm | 32 (33.3) | 7 (24.1) | 25 (37.3) | ||||
| 25 mm | 24 (25.0) | 11 (37.9) | 13 (19.4) | ||||
| 27 mm | 9 (9.4) | 5 (17.2) | 4 (6.0) | ||||
| Class of prosthesis size | |||||||
| 19–21–23 mm | 63 (65.6) | 13 (44.8) | 50 (74.6) | 4.354 | 1.572–12.057 | 0.005 | |
| 25–27 mm | 33 (34.4) | 16 (55.2) | 17 (25.4) | ||||
| Intraoperative complications | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 | – | – | – |
The data are shown as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). ASD, atrial septal defect; AVR, aortic valve replacement; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CD, conduction disorder; CI, confidence interval; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; OR, odds ratio.