Table 1.
Study details of school-based prevention programs for stress, anxiety, and depression
| Study | N | Outcome: measures | Design | %Female | Age | %White | Dose (min) | Program content | Program name | Control | Control details | Program type | Program head | Program head details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barnes et al. (2012) | 159 | Anx: BASC-Anx | RCT | 49 | HS | 13.2 | 600 | Traditional | WLS | AC | Health education | Universal | NC | Teacher |
| Benas et al. (2016) | 186 | Dep: YSR | BR | 66.7 | HS | 36.8 | 860 | Traditional | IPT-AST | AC | Group counseling | Targeted | CL&NC | Clinical psychologists and clinical psychology doctoral students |
| Bluth et al. (2016) | 30 | Stress: PSS; Anx: 6-item STAI; Dep: SMFQ | RCT | 39 | HS | 18 | 550 | Alternative | L2B | AC | Substance abuse course | Targeted | NC | First author, mindfulness instructor |
| Britton et al. (2014) | 101 | Dep: YSR | RCT | 45.5 | MS | Not reported; primarily white school | 360 | Alternative | Asian history with mindfulness | AC | African history class | Universal | NC | Teacher |
| Cardemil et al. (2002) | 49 | Dep: CDI | RCT | 58 | MS | 0 | 1080 | Traditional | PRP-CBT based | IN | Usual care | Targeted | CL | Masters students (clinical psychology, counseling, educational psychology) |
| Chaplin et al. (2006) | 208 | Dep: CDI | RCT | 44; 100 | MS | 88 | 1080 | Traditional | PRP-all female, PRP-coed | IN | Usual care | Universal | NC | Teachers, guidance counselors, research assistants |
| Clarke et al. (1993) (Study 1) | 622 | Dep: CES-D | CRCT | 42.2 | HS | 90 | 150 | Traditional | Psychoeducation | AC | Health class | Universal | NC | Health teacher w/training |
| Clarke et al. (1993) (Study 2) | 380 | Dep: CES-D | CRCT | 40.4 | HS | 90 | 150 | Traditional | Psychoeducation + behavioral intervention | AC | Health class | Universal | NC | Health teacher w/training |
| Clarke et al. (1995) | 150 | Dep: CES-D | RCT | 70 | HS | 90 | 675 | Traditional | Coping with stress course | IN | Usual care | Targeted | CL&NC | School psychologists and counselors |
| Frank et al. (2014) | 49 | Anx: BSI; Dep: BSI | OGPP | 55.1 | HS | 2.1 | 1440 | Alternative | TLS | No Control | N/A | Targeted | NC | Certified yoga teachers with certification in TLS administration |
| Fung et al. (2016) | 19 | Dep: YSR | RCT | 55.56 | MS | 0 | 720 | Alternative | L2B | IN | Waitlist | Targeted | CL&NC | Clinical psychology graduate students with training on program |
| Gillham et al. (2006) | 271 | Dep: CDI | RCT | 53.1 | MS | 73 | 1080 | Traditional | PRP-CBT based | IN | Usual care | Targeted | CL | Child psychologist or child social worker |
| Gillham et al. (2007) | 697 | Dep: CDI | RCT | 47 | MS | 67 | 1080 | Traditional | PEP, PRP-CBT based | IN | Usual care | Universal | NC | Teachers, counselors, graduate students |
| Gillham et al. (2012) | 266 | Anx: RMCAS; Dep: CDI, RADS-2 | RCT | 48 | MS | 77 | 900 | Traditional | PRP-CBT based | IN | Usual care | Targeted | NC | School teachers/counselors, trained by staff |
| Ginsburg and Drake (2002) | 12 | Anx: ADIS-CIR, SCARED | Quasi | 83 | HS | 0 | 500 | Traditional | CBT | AC | Attention support control | Targeted | CL | Psychology graduate students trained in CBT |
| Hains (1992) | 6 | Anx: STAI-State, STAI-Trait; Dep: RADS | OGPP | 0 | HS | 83.3 | 600 | Traditional | SIT | No control | N/A | Universal | CL | Author and clinical psychology doctoral student |
| Hains (1994) | 21 | Anx: STAI-State, STAI-Trait; Dep: RADS | RCT | 74 | HS | 84.2 | 260 | Traditional | SIT | IN | Waitlist | Universal | CL | Author and clinical psychology doctoral student |
| Hains and Ellmann (1994) | 21 | Stress: APES; Anx: STAI-State, STAI-Trait; Dep: RADS | RCT | 63.6 | HS | 90.5 | 650 | Traditional | SIT | IN | Waitlist | Universal | CL | Ph.D.-level psychologist, counseling psychology doctoral student, master’s-level counseling student |
| Hains and Szyjakowski (1990) | 21 | Anx: STAI-State, STAI-Trait; Dep: BDI (modified) | RCT | 0 | HS | Not reported; primarily white school | 400 | Traditional | SIT | IN | Waitlist | Universal | CL | Authors |
| Horowitz et al. (2007) | 380 | Dep: CDI, CES-D | RCT | 54 | HS | 79 | 720 | Traditional | CB, IPT-AST | AC | Wellness course | Universal | CL | Clinical psychology graduate students |
| Hoying and Melnyk (2016) | 31 | Anx: BYI-II Anx; Dep: BYI-II Dep | OGPP | 65 | MS | 18 | 900 | Traditional | COPE healthy lifestyles TEEN | No control | N/A | Universal | NC | Health teacher w/training on COPE |
| Hoying et al. (2016) | 102 | Anx: BYI-II Anx; Dep: BYI-II Dep | OGPP | 52 | MS | 100 | 900 | Traditional | COPE + hysical Activity | No control | N/A | Universal | NC | Health teacher w/training on COPE |
| Kahn and Kehle (1990) | 68 | Dep: CDI, RADS | BR | 52.9 | MS | Not reported | 1800 | Traditional | CBT, relaxation, self-modeling | IN | Waitlist | Targeted | CL | First author, school psychologists, graduate students |
| Kiselica et al. (1994) | 48 | Stress: SOSI; Anx: STAI-Trait | Quasi | 46 | HS | 100 | 480 | Traditional | SIT | AC | Group guidance classes | Targeted | CL | School counselor, counseling psychology doctoral student |
| La Greca et al. (2016) | 14 | CES-D | OGPP | 78.6 | HS | 7.1 | 1035 | Traditional | UTalk, version of IPT-AST | No Control | N/A | Targeted | CL & NC | Clinical psychology graduate students with supervision of clinical psychologist |
| Listug-Lunde et al. (2013) | 16 | Anx: MASC; Dep: CDI | BR | 37.5 | MS | 0 | 600 | Traditional | CWD-A | IN | Usual care | Targeted | CL & NC | Indian health services mental health professional, masters-level clinical psychologist |
| McCarty et al. (2010) | 67 | Dep: CDRS, MFQ | RCT | 55.6 | MS | 66.7 | 600 | Traditional | PTA | IN | Usual care | Targeted | CL | Clinical psychology graduate students |
| McCarty et al. (2013) | 120 | Dep: MFQ | RCT | 56.5 | MS | 62.9 | 600 | Traditional | PTA | AC | Individual support program | Targeted | CL | Clinical psychology graduate students |
| Melnyk et al. (2009) | 19 | Anx: BYI-II Anx; Dep: BYI-II Dep | CRCT | 58 | HS | 0 | 350 | Traditional | COPE-CBT based | AC | Health class | Universal | NC | Health teacher w/training on COPE |
| Melnyk et al. (2013) | 779 | Anx: BYI-II Anx; Dep: BYI-II Dep | CRCT | 54.5 | HS | 8.7 | 350 | Traditional | COPE-CBT based | AC | Healthy lifestyles TEEN | Universal | NC | Health teacher w/training on COPE |
| Melnyk et al. (2014) | 16 | Anx: BYI-II Anx; Dep: BYI-II Dep | OGPP | 56 | HS | 31 | 350 | Traditional | COPE-CBT based | No Control | N/A | Targeted | CL & NC | Therapist, clinician, or teacher trained to deliver COPE program |
| Michael et al. (2016) | 20 | Anx: BASC-Anx; Dep: BASC-Dep, BDI-II | OGPP | 50 | MS | 50 | 720 | Traditional | SEED (CBT-based) | No Control | N/A | Targeted | CL & NC | Clinicians placed in schools |
| Nash (2007) | 40 | Anx: MASC-10; Dep: CDI-S | RCT | 72.5 | MS | 22.5 | 405 | Alternative | The Empower Youth Program | IN | Usual school services | Universal | NC | Advanced practice nurses specializing in MRM/MBSP |
| Noel et al. (2013) | 32 | Dep: K-SADS | RCT | 100 | MS | 41.9 | 1080 | Traditional | Talk n Time (CBT) | IN | Waitlist | Targeted | NC | Peers/teachers |
| Pössel et al. (2013) | 518 | Dep: CDI | CRCT | 62.7 | HS | 72.8 | 900 | Traditional | LARS & LISA (CBT Program) | AC | Non-CBT program, wellness course | Universal | CL | Clinical psychology graduate students |
| Puskar et al. (2003) | 89 | Dep: RADS | RCT | 82 | HS | 98.9 | 450 | Traditional | TKC (Psychoeducation) | IN | Inactive | Targeted | CL | Psychiatric nurses |
| Rohde et al. (2014) | 378 | Dep: K-SADS | RCT | 68 | HS | 72 | 360 | Traditional | CBT, bibliotherapy | IN | Informational brochure | Targeted | NC | School counselors and nurses |
| Silbert and Beiry (1991) | 323 | Stress: SSS; Anx: STAI-State | Quasi | 50 | HS | 33 | 100 | Traditional | Suicide prevention unit | IN | Waitlist | Universal | NC | Teacher, overseen by researcher |
| Stice et al. (2006) | 225 | Dep: BDI | BR | 70 | HS | 55 | 240 | Traditional | CBT | AC & IN | Bibliotherapy, SEGT, expressive writing, journaling, or waitlist control | Targeted | CL | Clinical psychology graduate students |
| Stice et al. (2008) | 341 | Dep: BDI, K-SADS | RCT | 56 | HS | 46 | 360 | Traditional | CBT, SEGT | AC & IN | Bibliotherapy or waitlist control | Targeted | CL & NC | Clinical graduate student and undergraduate |
| Young et al. (2006) | 41 | Dep: CES-D, CGAS | RCT | 85.4 | MS | Not reported; 81.6% Hispanic | 720 | Traditional | IPT-AST | AC | School counseling | Targeted | CL | First author, masters-level psychologists, or social workers |
| Young et al. (2012) | 98 | Anx: SCARED; Dep: CES-D | RCT | 77 | HS | Not reported; 92.6% Hispanic | 800 | Traditional | IPT-AST | AC | School counseling | Targeted | CL | Not reported |
| Young et al. (2016) | 186 | Dep: CES-D, CGAS | BR | 66.7 | HS | 36.8 | 860 | Traditional | IPT-AST | AC | School counseling | Targeted | CL & NC | Clinical psychologists and clinical psych doctoral students |
OGPP one-group-pretest-posttest, RCT randomized controlled trial, CRCT cluster randomized controlled trial, BR blocked randomization, MS middle school (age ≤ 14), HS high school (age < 14), WLS Williams lifeskills, IPT-AST interpersonal psychotherapy-adolescent skills training, L2B learning to BREATHE, PRP penn resiliency program, CBT cognitive behavioral therapy, TLS transformative life skills, PEP penn enhancement program, SIT stress inoculation therapy, COPE creating opportunities for personal empowerment, TEEN thinking, emotions, exercise, and nutrition, CWD-A adolescent coping with depression, PTA positive thoughts and actions, SEED student educational and emotional development, TKC teaching kids to cope, SEGT supportive-expressive group therapy, IN inactive, AC active, CL clinical, NC non-clinical, MRM modeling and role modeling, MBSP mind body spirit program