FIG. 1.

Bortezomib reactivates latent HIV in a primary CD4+ T cell model of HIV latency. Human primary CD4+ T cells were infected with VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV NL4.3 HSA and maintained over 12 days with decreasing concentrations of IL-2 to establish latency as previously described.¹⁴ Uninfected cells were maintained in the same conditions. At 12 days postinfection, cells were stimulated for 24 h with DMSO, PMA and PHA, MG132, and bortezomib at the indicated concentrations. Cells were stained with anti-HSA antibody and measured by FACS. Data are presented as the percentage of cells positive for HSA expression. Experiments were repeated with three independent donors, each with three technical repeats. A representative experiment from a single donor is presented. Error bars represent standard error of the mean (***p < .001, **p < .01). DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; FACS, flow cytometry analysis; HSA, heat stable antigen; IL-2, interleukin 2; PHA, phytohemagglutinin; PMA, phorbol myristate acetate; VSV-G, vesticular stomatitus virus G protein.