Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all included trauma patients including a comparison of norm- and hyperoxemic patients. Results are presented as medians with [interquartile ranges], numbers with (percentages), or as otherwise indicated
| All patients | Normoxemic 60 < PaO2 < 150 mmHg | Hyperoxemic PaO2 ≥ 150 mmHg | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 5912 | n = 3342 | n = 2570 | ||
| Age | 39 [26–55] | 41 [17–96] | 36 [17–96] | < 0.0001 |
| Sex (female) | 1273 (21.6) | 703 (21.1) | 570 (22.3) | 0.3 |
| ASA-score > 1 | 1903 (34.5) | 1168 (37.0) | 735 (31.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Mechanism of injury | ||||
| Falls from height | 1368 (21.5) | 747 (22.4) | 521 (20.3) | 0.089 |
| Falls from standing | 240 (4.1) | 132 (4.0) | 108 (4.2) | |
| Vehicle incident/collision | 3339 (56.5) | 1895 (56.7) | 1444 (56.2) | |
| Shootings | 590 (10.0) | 211 (9.3) | 279 (10.9) | |
| Fight | 204 (3.5) | 117 (3.5) | 87 (3.4) | |
| Other | 270 (4.6) | 139 (4.2) | 131 (5.1) | |
| Site of injury | ||||
| Head and neck | 2823 (51.1) | 1461 (46.9) | 1362 (64.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Face | 1389 (25.1) | 707 (22.7) | 682 (28.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Abdomen | 1833 (33.2) | 1022 (32.8) | 811 (33.6) | 0.56 |
| Chest | 2865 (51.8) | 1647 (52.9) | 1218 (50.5) | 0.079 |
| External | 924 (16.7) | 533 (17.1) | 391 (16.2) | 0.39 |
| Extremities | 3080 (55.7) | 1684 (54.1) | 1396 (57.9) | 0.0055 |
| Duration of prehospital care (minutes), median [IQR] | 70 [48–100] | 79 [49–97] | 70 [45–105] | 0.58 |
| Prehospital systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127 [110–141] | 130 [0–256] | 124 [0–230] | < 0.0001 |
| Prehospital heart rate (bpm) | 89 [75–105] | 88 [0–170] | 76 [0–155] | < 0.0001 |
| Prehospital intubation | 1840 (31.7) | 651 (19.9) | 1189 (47.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Prehospital GCS score | 15 [11–15] | 15 [3–15] | 14 [3–15] | < 0.0001 |
| Values on hospital arrival | ||||
| pH | 7.4 [7.3–7.4] | 7.4 [7.3–7.4] | 7.3 [7.3–7.4] | < 0.0001 |
| PaO2 | 133 [93–216] | 97 [81–117] | 230 [186–308] | – |
| PCO2 | 40 [35–44] | 39 [35–43] | 40 [26–45] | < 0.0001 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.5 [35.9–37.0] | 36.6 [26.4–41.0] | 36.4 [26.0–40] | < 0.0001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.9 [1.2–3.0] | 1.8 [0.2–23.4] | 2 [0.2–25] | < 0.0001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 77 [65–92] | 77 [8–1004] | 77 [7–926] | 0.64 |
| Hemoglobin (mmol/L) | 13 [11.5–14.2] | 13.3 [3.9–21.6] | 12.6 [1.1–20.0] | < 0.0001 |
| Catecholamine administration | 815 (14.3) | 322 (10.0) | 493 (19.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Fluid replacement | 500 [250–1000] | 500 [0–7000] | 750 [0–5500] | < 0.0001 |
| ISS score | 16 [9–25] | 13 [8–24] | 18 [10–27] | < 0.0001 |
| ISS score > 15 | 2935 (52.9) | 1433 (45.9) | 1502 (62.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 1836 (31.6) | 824 (25.1) | 1012 (40.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Hemorrhagic shock | 545 (9.4) | 202 (6.2) | 343 (13.6) | < 0.0001 |
| In-hospital mortalitya | 481 (10.0) | 239 (8.7) | 242 (11.6) | < 0.0001 |
| Cause of death (available for 426 patients) | < 0.01 | |||
| Hemorrhagic shock | 46 (10.8) | 21 (10.0) | 25 (11.5) | |
| Septic chock | 6 (1.4) | 3 (1.4) | 3 (1.4) | |
| Multi organ failure | 98 (23.0) | 59 (28.2) | 39 (18.0) | |
| Brain death | 197 (46.2) | 85 (40.7) | 112 (51.6) | |
| Traumatic brian injury | 58 (13.6) | 26 (12.4) | 32 (14.7) | |
| Other | 21 (4.9) | 15 (7.1) | 6 (2.8) | |
The provided pre-hospital vital signs are the first vital signs recorded on-scene
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale score; ISS, Injury Severity Score; Hemorrhagic shock, defined as administration of at least four units of packed red blood cells within 6 h; Fluid replacement, mL of colloids and/or crystalloids
aMissing in 18%. Imputated in the propensity score analysis