TABLE 5.
Associations between tea consumption (24-h diet recalls) and cardiometabolic biomarkers1
| Women | Men | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cups/d | Black | Green2 | Black | Green2 |
| ApoA-1, g/L | ||||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| <1 | 0.004 (−0.005, 0.014) | 0.002 (−0.006, 0.010) | 0.007 (−0.003, 0.016) | 0.0009 (−0.008, 0.010) |
| 1 | 0.004 (−0.008, 0.015) | −0.015 (−0.029, −0.0005)3 | 0.002 (−0.009, 0.012) | 0.006 (−0.010, 0.022) |
| 2–3 | 0.005 (−0.004, 0.013) | 0.003 (−0.009, 0.015) | 0.012 (0.004, 0.021)3 | 0.005 (−0.007, 0.018) |
| 4–5 | 0.001 (−0.008, 0.010) | −0.008 (−0.031, 0.015) | 0.009 (0.0001, 0.019)3 | 0.015 (−0.011, 0.041) |
| ≥6 | 0.017 (0.005, 0.029)3 | — | 0.012 (0.0001, 0.023)3 | — |
| Cups/d, trend | 0.0003 (−0.001, 0.002) | −0.001 (−0.005, 0.003) | 0.0009 (−0.0006, 0.002) | 0.003 (−0.001, 0.007) |
| ApoB, g/L | ||||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| <1 | 0.002 (−0.006, 0.010) | −0.001 (−0.008, 0.006) | 0.004 (−0.005, 0.014) | 0.003 (−0.006, 0.013) |
| 1 | −0.004 (−0.013, 0.006) | 0.004 (−0.008, 0.015) | 0.004 (−0.006, 0.015) | −0.002 (−0.018, 0.014) |
| 2–3 | −0.006 (−0.013, 0.001) | −0.009 (−0.019, 0.0012) | −0.005 (−0.013, 0.004) | −0.014 (−0.026, −0.0008)3 |
| 4–5 | −0.015 (−0.023, −0.007)4 | −0.019 (−0.038, −0.00003)3 | −0.010 (−0.019, −0.0008)3 | −0.005 (−0.031, 0.020) |
| ≥6 | −0.020 (−0.030, −0.010)4 | — | −0.015 (−0.027, −0.003)3 | — |
| Cups/d, trend | −0.005 (−0.006, −0.003)4 | −0.004 (−0.007, −0.0006)3 | −0.004 (−0.005, −0.002)4 | −0.004 (−0.008, 0.0007) |
| Lp(a), log nmol/L | ||||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| <1 | −0.011 (−0.058, 0.036) | 0.006 (−0.034, 0.046) | −0.009 (−0.068, 0.050) | −0.009 (−0.064, 0.045) |
| 1 | −0.023 (−0.078, 0.032) | 0.031 (−0.039, 0.101) | −0.047 (−0.112, 0.017) | 0.017 (−0.078, 0.113) |
| 2–3 | −0.014 (−0.055, 0.027) | 0.097 (0.037, 0.157)4 | −0.030 (−0.082, 0.021) | −0.0009 (−0.078, 0.076) |
| 4–5 | −0.027 (−0.071, 0.018) | −0.094 (−0.204, 0.017) | −0.006 (−0.062, 0.050) | 0.125 (−0.032, 0.282) |
| ≥6 | −0.064 (−0.124, −0.005)3 | — | −0.0003 (−0.070, 0.070) | — |
| Cups/d, trend | −0.002 (−0.010, 0.006) | 0.011 (−0.008, 0.030) | 0.007 (−0.003, 0.016) | 0.014 (−0.012, 0.040) |
| tChol, mmol/L | ||||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| <1 | 0.016 (−0.021, 0.053) | −0.010 (−0.042, 0.021) | 0.011 (−0.033, 0.055) | 0.026 (−0.015, 0.067) |
| 1 | 0.005 (−0.038, 0.048) | −0.011 (−0.066, 0.043) | 0.010 (−0.038, 0.059) | 0.020 (−0.052, 0.092) |
| 2–3 | −0.004 (−0.037, 0.028) | −0.039 (−0.086, 0.008) | −0.004 (−0.043, 0.034) | −0.043 (−0.101, 0.014) |
| 4–5 | −0.032 (−0.067, 0.004) | −0.111 (−0.199, −0.024)3 | −0.021 (−0.063, 0.021) | −0.061 (−0.178, 0.055) |
| ≥6 | −0.014 (−0.060, 0.032) | — | −0.039 (−0.091, 0.013) | — |
| Cups/d, trend | −0.010 (−0.016, −0.004)4 | −0.021 (−0.036, −0.006)3 | −0.010 (−0.017, −0.003)3 | −0.014 (−0.033, 0.005) |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | ||||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| <1 | 0.009 (−0.004, 0.022) | 0.002 (−0.009, 0.013) | 0.005 (−0.008, 0.018) | 0.004 (−0.008, 0.016) |
| 1 | 0.006 (−0.009, 0.021) | −0.014 (−0.033, 0.005) | 0.003 (−0.012, 0.017) | 0.012 (−0.009, 0.033) |
| 2–3 | 0.013 (0.001, 0.024)3 | 0.013 (−0.004, 0.029) | 0.014 (0.003, 0.025)3 | 0.013 (−0.003, 0.030) |
| 4–5 | 0.017 (0.004, 0.029)3 | −0.021 (−0.052, 0.009) | 0.014 (0.001, 0.026)3 | 0.025 (−0.008, 0.059) |
| ≥6 | 0.047 (0.030, 0.063)4 | — | 0.021 (0.006, 0.036)3 | — |
| Cups/d, trend | 0.005 (0.003, 0.007)4 | −0.0005 (−0.006, 0.005) | 0.003 (0.0009, 0.005)3 | 0.006 (0.0008, 0.012)3 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | ||||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| <1 | 0.006 (−0.022, 0.034) | −0.003 (−0.027, 0.021) | 0.012 (−0.021, 0.046) | 0.018 (−0.013, 0.049) |
| 1 | −0.008 (−0.041, 0.026) | 0.006 (−0.036, 0.048) | 0.009 (−0.028, 0.045) | 0.012 (−0.043, 0.067) |
| 2–3 | −0.013 (−0.037, 0.012) | −0.035 (−0.071, 0.0004) | −0.006 (−0.035, 0.023) | −0.041 (−0.085, 0.003) |
| 4–5 | −0.035 (−0.062, −0.008)3 | −0.077 (−0.144, −0.010)3 | −0.016 (−0.048, 0.016) | −0.032 (−0.121, 0.057) |
| ≥6 | −0.035 (−0.071, 0.0007)3 | — | −0.027 (−0.067, 0.013) | — |
| Cups/d, trend | −0.010 (−0.015, −0.005)4 | −0.015 (−0.027, −0.003)3 | −0.007 (−0.013, −0.002)3 | −0.011 (−0.026, 0.004) |
| Fasting TGs, log mmol/L | ||||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| <1 | −0.019 (−0.065, 0.027) | −0.041 (−0.085, 0.004) | 0.006 (−0.059, 0.071) | −0.030 (−0.099, 0.038) |
| 1 | −0.012 (−0.070, 0.046) | −0.034 (−0.106, 0.039) | 0.038 (−0.037, 0.112) | −0.050 (−0.166, 0.066) |
| 2–3 | −0.036 (−0.078, 0.007) | −0.027 (−0.090, 0.036) | −0.049 (−0.109, 0.012) | −0.013 (−0.095, 0.069) |
| 4–5 | −0.020 (−0.067, 0.027) | −0.020 (−0.130, 0.090) | −0.084 (−0.150, −0.017)3 | −0.168 (−0.353, 0.017) |
| ≥6 | −0.031 (−0.098, 0.035) | — | −0.129 (−0.214, −0.045)3 | — |
| Cups/d, trend | −0.002 (−0.011, 0.007) | −0.015 (−0.035, 0.005) | −0.025 (−0.036, −0.015)4 | −0.021 (−0.049, 0.008) |
| CRP, log mg/L | ||||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| <1 | −0.025 (−0.059, 0.008) | −0.010 (−0.038, 0.019) | −0.008 (−0.049, 0.032) | −0.001 (−0.039, 0.036) |
| 1 | −0.018 (−0.056, 0.021) | 0.008 (−0.041, 0.057) | 0.011 (−0.033, 0.056) | 0.022 (−0.044, 0.087) |
| 2–3 | −0.034 (−0.062, −0.005)3 | −0.056 (−0.098, −0.014)3 | −0.022 (−0.057, 0.013) | −0.029 (−0.082, 0.023) |
| 4–5 | −0.051 (−0.083, −0.019)4 | −0.149 (−0.227, −0.070)4 | −0.038 (−0.076, 0.0006) | 0.058 (−0.048, 0.164) |
| ≥6 | −0.105 (−0.147, −0.063)4 | — | −0.053 (−0.101, −0.005)3 | — |
| Cups/d, trend | −0.016 (−0.022, −0.011)4 | −0.038 (−0.052, −0.025)4 | −0.007 (−0.013, −0.0008)3 | 0.0003 (−0.017, 0.018) |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | ||||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| <1 | 0.006 (−0.057, 0.068) | −0.024 (−0.084, 0.036) | 0.052 (−0.037, 0.142) | −0.060 (−0.153, 0.032) |
| 1 | 0.078 (0.0003, 0.156)3 | 0.038 (−0.060, 0.135) | 0.044 (−0.059, 0.146) | −0.117 (−0.278, 0.043) |
| 2–3 | 0.048 (−0.010, 0.106) | 0.030 (−0.056, 0.116) | 0.037 (−0.046, 0.120) | −0.014 (−0.129, 0.101) |
| 4–5 | 0.043 (−0.020, 0.107) | 0.099 (−0.049, 0.246) | 0.048 (−0.042, 0.139) | 0.029 (−0.220, 0.278) |
| ≥6 | 0.014 (−0.075, 0.103) | — | 0.035 (−0.082, 0.152) | — |
| Cups/d, trend | −0.001 (−0.013, 0.011) | 0.021 (−0.005, 0.048) | 0.005 (−0.010, 0.020) | −0.002 (−0.041, 0.036) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | ||||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| <1 | 0.158 (0.026, 0.291)3 | 0.026 (−0.088, 0.139) | 0.114 (−0.076, 0.305) | 0.117 (−0.061, 0.294) |
| 1 | 0.186 (0.031, 0.341)3 | 0.086 (−0.111, 0.283) | 0.099 (−0.111, 0.309) | −0.011 (−0.320, 0.297) |
| 2–3 | 0.187 (0.072, 0.303)4 | 0.060 (−0.107, 0.228) | 0.192 (0.026, 0.358)3 | 0.191 (−0.057, 0.438) |
| 4–5 | 0.266 (0.139, 0.393)4 | −0.115 (−0.430, 0.199) | 0.182 (0.002, 0.363)3 | −0.208 (−0.717, 0.302) |
| ≥6 | 0.271 (0.104, 0.438)4 | — | 0.202 (−0.024, 0.428) | — |
| Cups/d, trend | 0.038 (0.016, 0.061)4 | 0.009 (−0.045, 0.063) | 0.028 (−0.001, 0.058) | 0.030 (−0.053, 0.113) |
1Values are β (95% CI). Results from linear regression models adjusted for age; race; date of blood draw; fasting time; assessment center; Townsend deprivation index; education; income; employment status; home ownership; smoking; physical activity; waist-to-hip ratio; BMI; oral contraceptive use (women only); postmenopausal hormone use (women only); self-rated health; aspirin use; cholesterol-lowering medication use; antihypertension medication use; history of diabetes; history of cardiovascular disease; total energy intake; intakes of carbohydrates, fat, saturated fat, protein, fizzy drinks, milk, water, alcohol, fish, red meat, fruits, and vegetables; recent caffeine drinking; coffee; herbal tea; redbush/rooibos tea; other types of tea; and green (for black tea analysis) or black (for green tea analysis) tea. CRP, C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; LDL-C, LDL cholesterol; Lp(a), lipoprotein (a); tChol, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.
2The maximum tea intake category for green tea is ≥4.
30.0025 ≤ P < 0.05.
4 P < 0.0025.