Table 1.
Oncogenic lncRNAs upregulated in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
| LncRNA | Mechanism | Function in NSCLC | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| AFAP1-AS1 | EZH2 silencing of p21 promoter | Proliferation/growth | [37] |
| ANRIL | EZH2 silencing of KLF2 and p21 | Proliferation/apoptosis | [26] |
| DANCR | DANCR/miR-214-5p/Ciz1 | G1-to-S transition/proliferation | [38] |
| DANCR/miR-138/SOX4 | EMT/metastasis | [39] | |
| DLX6-AS1 | DLX6-AS1/miR-27-3p/GSPT1 | G1-to-S transition/proliferation | [40] |
| DUXAP8 | Epigenetically repress EGR1 and RHOB | Proliferation/invasion | [41] |
| FAL1 | FAL1/BMI1/PTEN/PI3K-AKT | Tumorigenesis | [42] |
| FEZF1-AS1 | EZH2 silencing of E-cadherin | EMT | [43] |
| FLVCR1-AS1 | FLVCR1-AS1/miR-573/E2F3 | Proliferation | [44] |
| GM15290 | GM15290/miR-615-5p/IGF-2/PI3K-AKT | Tumorigenesis | [45] |
| H19 | H19/miR-17/STAT3 | Tumorigenesis | [46] |
| H19/miR-138/PDK1/PI3K-AKT | Proliferation | [47] | |
| HIT | Modulate E2F1 activity | Proliferation | [48] |
| Increase ZEB1 stability, repress CDH1 | EMT | [49] | |
| HNF1A-AS1 | HNF1A-AS1/miR-149-5p/CDK6 | Growth/proliferation | [50] |
| HOTTIP | Regulation of HOXA3 | Proliferation/invasion | [24] |
| HOXA11-AS1 | MiR-200b repression, ZEB1/ZEB2 | EMT | [51] |
| MiR-148a-3p/DNMT1 (PF) | EMT | [52] | |
| HOXAD-AS1 | HOXAD-AS1/miR-133b/HOXAD/MMP9 | Invasion | [53] |
| JPX | JPX/miR-145-5p/cyclin D2 | Cell cycle/proliferation | [54] |
| LEF1-AS1 | LEF1-AS1/miR-489/SOX4 | Migration/metastasis | [55] |
| LINC00339 | LINC00339/miR-245/FOXM1 | Proliferation | [56] |
| LINC00461 | MiR-4478/E2F1/LINC00461 (PF) | Proliferation | [57] |
| LINC00525 | LINC00525/miR-338-3p/IRS2 | Invasion/migration | [58] |
| LINC00673 | LINC00673/miR-150-5p/ZEB1 | EMT | [59] |
| EZH2 repression of HOXA5 | Metastasis | [60] | |
| LINC01088 | EZH2 silencing of p21 | Proliferation/cell cycle | [61] |
| LINC01234 | Scaffold for LSD1/EZH2, repress BTG2 | Proliferation | [62] |
| LINC01234/miR-340-5p/27b-3p/VAV3 | Proliferation/invasion | [62] | |
| LINC01288 | IL-6 stability, STAT3 activation | Tumorigenesis | [63] |
| LINC01296 | MiR-598/TWIST/LINC01296 (PF) | EMT | [64] |
| LncRNA 1308 | LINC1308/miR-124/ADAM15 | Invasion | [65] |
| LSINCT5 | HMGA2 stability | Migration | [66] |
| LUCAT-1 | PRC2 repression of p21 and p53 | Proliferation | [67] |
| MALAT1 | MALAT1/miR-347b-5p/SRSF7 | Splicing | [29] |
| MALAT1/miR-206/AKT/mTOR pathway | EMT | [34] | |
| MALAT1/miR-124/STAT3 | Tumorigenesis | [68] | |
| Meta-LNC9 | PGK1 stability, AKT/mTOR activation | Invasion/metastasis | [69] |
| Meta-LNC9/CREB1/Meta-LNC9 (PF) | Metastasis | [69] | |
| MIAT | Inhibit MLL silencing of MMP-9 | Invasion | [70] |
| MIR-503-HG | MIR-503-HG/miR-489-3p/miR-625-5p | Proliferation/apoptosis | [71] |
| NEAT1 | NEAT1/miR-377-3p/E2F3 | Proliferation | [30] |
| NEAT1/iR-181a-5p/HMGB2 | Proliferation/invasion | [32] | |
| NEAT1/miR-let7a/IGF-2/PI3K-AKT | Tumorigenesis | [72] | |
| NNT-AS1 | NNT-AS1/miR-22-3p/YAP1 | Migration/invasion/EMT | [73] |
| PCAT-1 | PCAT-1/miR-149-5p/LRIG2 | Invasion | [74] |
| PCAT-6 | EZH2 silencing of LATS2 | Proliferation | [75] |
| PRKCZ-AS1 | PRKCZ-AS1/miR-766-5p/MAPK1 | Proliferation/migration | [76] |
| PRNCR1 | PRNCR1/miR-126-5p/Metaherin | EMT/migration/invasion | [77] |
| PVT1 | PVT1/EZH2/LATS2/MDM2/p53 | Cell proliferation/growth | [78] |
| PVT1/miR-526b/EZH2 (PF) | Tumorigenesis | [79] | |
| PVT1/miR200a/miR-200b/MMP9 | Invasion | [80] | |
| PVT1/miR-148/RAB34 | Invasion/migration | [81] | |
| PVT1/miR-145-5p/ITGB8/MAPK | Tumorigenesis | [82] | |
| PVT1/miR-361/SOX9/Wnt/β-catenin | Tumorigenesis | [83] | |
| SNHG1 | SNHG1/miR-145-4p/Metaherin | EMT/migration/invasion | [84] |
| SNHG1/miR-101-3p/SOX9/Wnt/β-catenin | Proliferation/invasion | [85] | |
| SNHG1/miR-361-3p/FRAT1/Wnt/β-catenin | Tumorigenesis | [86] | |
| SNHG15 | SNHG15/miR-486/CDK14 | Growth/proliferation | [87] |
| SNHG15/miR-211-3p/ZNF217 | Proliferation/invasion | [88] | |
| SNHG20 | EZH2 silencing of p21 | Proliferation/cell cycle | [37] |
| SNHG6 | SNHG6/miR-490-3p/RSF1 | Proliferation/inhibit apoptosis | [89] |
| SNHG6/miR-994/181d-5p/ETS1/MMP9/2 | Invasion | [90] | |
| SOX2OT | SOX2OT/miR-132/ZEB2 | EMT | [91] |
| TDRG1 | TDRG1/miR-873-5p/ZEB1 | EMT | [92] |
| XIST | EZH2 silencing of KLF2 | Tumorigenesis | [22] |
| XIST/miR-16/CDK8 | Cell cycle progression | [93] | |
| XIST/miR-449a/BCL-2 | Apoptosis inhibition | [94] | |
| XIST/miR-137/paxillin | Invasion | [95] | |
| XIST/miR367/miR-141/ZEB2 | EMT induction | [96] | |
| XLOC-008466 | XLOC-008466/miR-874/XIAP | Inhibit apoptosis | [97] |
| XLOC-008466/miR-874/MMP2 | Invasion | [97] | |
| ZEB1-AS1 | ZEB1-AS1/miR-409-3p/ZEB1/ZEB1-AS1 (PF) | EMT | [98] |
| ZFAS1 | ZFAS1/miR-150/HMGA2 | Invasion | [99] |
AFAP-AS1: AFAP antisense gene 1; EZH2: Enhancer of zeste homolog 2; p21: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A; ANRIL: Antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus; KLF2: Krüppel-like factor 2; DANCR: Differentiation antagonizing nonprotein coding RNA; Ciz1: Cip1-interacting zinc finger protein 1; G1-to-S: Gap 1 to synthesis; SOX4: SRY-box transcription factor; EMT: epithelial to mesenchymal transition; DLX6-AS1: DLX6 antisense gene 1; GSPT1: G1-to-S phase transition 1; EGR1: Early growth response protein 1; RHOB: Rho-related GTP-binding protein; FAL1: Focally amplified lncRNA on chromosome 1; BMI1: BMI1 polycomb ring finger oncogene; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; PI3K/AKT: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Protein kinase B; FEZF1-AS1: FEZF1 antisense RNA 1; FLVCR1-AS1: LncRNA FLVCR1 antisense gene 1; E2F3: E2F transcription factor 3; IGF-2: Insulin-like growth factor 2; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; PDK1: Pyruvate dehydrogenase 1; HIT: HOXA transcript induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β E2F1: E2F transcription factor 1; ZEB1: Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1; CDH1: E-cadherin; HNF1A-AS1: HNF1A antisense RNA 1; CDK6: cyclin dependent kinase; HOTTIP: HoxA distal transcript antisense RNA; HOXA3: Homeobox Protein A3; HOXA11-AS1: HOXA11 antisense 1; ZEB2: Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2; DNMT1: DNA methyltransferase 1; MMP9: Matrix metalloproteinase 9; JPX: JPX transcript and XIST activator; LEF1-AS1: LEF1 antisense RNA 1; FOXM1: Fork-head box protein 1; PF: positive feedback loop; IRS2: Insulin receptor substrates 2; LSD1: Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A; BTG2: BTG anti-proliferation factor 2; VAV3: Vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3; IL-6: Interleukin 6; TWIST: Twist family BHLH transcription factor 1; ADAM15: A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 15; LSINCT5: Long stress-induced non-coding transcript 5; HMGA2: High-mobility group AT-hook 2; LUCAT-1: Lung cancer-associated transcript 1; PRC2: Polycomb repressive complex 2; P53: Tumor protein 53; MALAT1: Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; SRSF: Serine/arginine splicing factors; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; PGK1: Phosphoglycerate kinase 1; NEAT1: Nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1; HMGB2: High-mobility group protein B2; NNT-AS1: Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase-antisense RNA1; YAP1: YES-associated protein 1; PCAT-1: Prostate cancer-associated transcript 1; LRIG2: Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 2; PACT-6: Prostate cancer-associated transcript 6; PRKCZ-AS1: PRKCZ antisense RNA 1; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; PRNCR1: Prostate cancer non-coding RNA 1; PVT1: Plasmacytoma variant translocation 1; RAB34: Ras-related protein rab-34; ITGB8: Integrin subunit beta 8; SOX9: SRY-box transcription factor 9; SNHG1: Small nucleolar RNA host gene 1; FRAT1: FRAT regulator of WNT signaling Pathway 1; SNHG15: Small nucleolar RNA host gene 15; CDK14: Cyclin-dependent kinase 14; ZNF217: Zinc finger protein 217; SNHG20: Small nucleolar RNA host gene 20; SNHG6: Small nucleolar RNA host gene 6; RSF1: Remodeling and splicing factor 1; ETS1: ETS proto-oncogene transcription factor 1; MMP2: Matrix metalloproteinase 2; SOX2OT: SOX-2 overlapping transcript; TDRG1: Human testis developmental related gene 1; XIST: X-inactive-specific transcript; CDK8: Cyclin-dependent kinase 8; XIAP: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis; ZEB1-AS1: ZEB1 antisense RNA 1; ZFAS1: ZNFX1 antisense RNA 1. Tumorigenesis includes proliferation, migration and invasion.