Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics According to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels at Baseline
| Characteristics | Total | High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration, mg/dL | P-value* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤30 | 31–40 | 41–50 | 51–60 | 61–70 | >70 | |||
| Number | 11,497 | 495 | 2284 | 3299 | 2412 | 1514 | 1493 | |
| Age, years | 60.74 ± 15.61 | 56.31 ± 15.94 | 58.42 ± 16.13 | 60.33 ± 15.51 | 61.41 ± 15.21 | 62.57 ± 15.24 | 63.70 ± 15.06 | <0.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Male | 5709 (49.66) | 395 (79.80) | 1545 (67.64) | 1883 (57.08) | 1012 (41.96) | 465 (30.71) | 409 (27.39) | |
| Female | 5788 (50.34) | 100 (20.20) | 739 (32.36) | 1416 (42.92) | 1400 (58.04) | 1049 (69.29) | 1084 (72.61) | |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Non-white | 5373 (46.73) | 193 (38.99) | 1028 (45.01) | 1554 (47.11) | 1190 (49.34) | 720 (47.56) | 688 (46.08) | |
| White | 6124 (53.27) | 302 (61.01) | 1256 (54.99) | 1745 (52.89) | 1222 (50.66) | 794 (52.44) | 805 (53.92) | |
| Education level, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Less than high school | 3884 (33.78) | 193 (38.99) | 834 (36.51) | 1134 (34.37) | 803 (33.29) | 444 (29.33) | 476 (31.88) | |
| High school or above | 7613 (66.22) | 302 (61.01) | 1450 (63.49) | 2165 (65.63) | 1609 (66.71) | 1070 (70.67) | 1017 (68.12) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 5610 (48.80) | 177 (35.76) | 999 (43.74) | 1594 (48.32) | 1267 (52.53) | 788 (52.05) | 785 (52.58) | |
| Yes | 5887 (51.20) | 318 (64.24) | 1285 (56.26) | 1705 (51.68) | 1145 (47.47) | 726 (47.95) | 708 (47.42) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.08 ± 6.70 | 31.93 ± 5.96 | 31.86 ± 6.71 | 30.81 ± 6.40 | 29.82 ± 6.85 | 28.79 ± 6.65 | 26.87 ± 5.90 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 137.22 ± 21.59 | 133.30 ± 20.01 | 135.15 ± 21.17 | 135.87 ± 20.44 | 137.79 ± 22.15 | 139.58 ± 22.32 | 141.40 ± 22.64 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 71.90 ± 16.51 | 72.51 ± 16.72 | 72.96 ± 16.59 | 72.01 ± 16.00 | 71.31 ± 16.78 | 71.50 ± 16.01 | 71.18 ± 17.40 | 0.004 |
| eGFR, mg/min/1.73m2 | 78.49 ± 26.69 | 79.26 ± 26.10 | 78.26 ± 26.52 | 78.21 ± 26.38 | 78.61 ± 26.44 | 78.64 ± 26.43 | 78.83 ± 28.44 | 0.938 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 0.53 ± 0.95 | 0.66 ± 1.10 | 0.60 ± 1.01 | 0.53 ± 0.90 | 0.50 ± 0.81 | 0.48 ± 1.05 | 0.47 ± 0.98 | <0.001 |
| Energy, kcal | 1932.48 ± 922.00 | 2171.86 ± 1086.39 | 2035.41 ± 980.33 | 1964.74 ± 933.05 | 1883.35 ± 860.93 | 1817.66 ± 865.76 | 1820.15 ± 859.69 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up time, months | 109.87 ± 46.12 | 104.04 ± 47.02 | 109.64 ± 47.25 | 110.12 ± 46.32 | 111.15 ± 45.08 | 112.56 ± 45.67 | 106.80 ± 45.46 | <0.001 |
| Serum lipid level | ||||||||
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 52.34 ± 16.32 | 26.97 ± 3.19 | 36.39 ± 2.71 | 45.28 ± 2.82 | 55.17 ± 2.89 | 65.06 ± 2.89 | 83.27 ± 12.28 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 202.43 ± 43.57 | 188.55 ± 49.99 | 194.54 ± 46.28 | 199.34 ± 43.45 | 202.78 ± 41.66 | 208.25 ± 39.14 | 219.48 ± 38.59 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||||
| Diabetes | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 8344 (72.58) | 301 (60.81) | 1489 (65.19) | 2293 (69.51) | 1808 (74.96) | 1201 (79.33) | 1252 (83.86) | |
| Yes | 3153 (27.42) | 194 (39.19) | 795 (34.81) | 1006 (30.49) | 604 (25.04) | 313 (20.67) | 241 (16.14) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 9236 (80.33) | 365 (73.74) | 1738 (76.09) | 2603 (78.90) | 1972 (81.76) | 1281 (84.61) | 1277 (85.53) | |
| Yes | 2261 (19.67) | 130 (26.26) | 546 (23.91) | 696 (21.10) | 440 (18.24) | 233 (15.39) | 216 (14.47) | |
| Treatment, n (%) | ||||||||
| Hypoglycemic agents | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 9723 (84.57) | 389 (78.59) | 1842 (80.65) | 2727 (82.66) | 2060 (85.41) | 1343 (88.71) | 1362 (91.23) | |
| Yes | 1774 (15.43) | 106 (21.41) | 442 (19.35) | 572 (17.34) | 352 (14.59) | 171 (11.29) | 131 (8.77) | |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 8616 (74.94) | 368 (74.34) | 1707 (74.74) | 2375 (71.99) | 1793 (74.34) | 1165 (76.95) | 1208 (80.91) | |
| Yes | 2881 (25.06) | 127 (25.66) | 577 (25.26) | 924 (28.01) | 619 (25.66) | 349 (23.05) | 285 (19.09) | |
| Antiplatelet drugs | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 11,041 (96.03) | 469 (94.75) | 2186 (95.71) | 3144 (95.30) | 2308 (95.69) | 1479 (97.69) | 1455 (97.45) | |
| Yes | 456 (3.97) | 26 (5.25) | 98 (4.29) | 155 (4.70) | 104 (4.31) | 35 (2.31) | 38 (2.55) | |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 0.089 | |||||||
| No | 4616 (40.15) | 195 (39.39) | 890 (38.97) | 1307 (39.62) | 966 (40.05) | 606 (40.03) | 652 (43.67) | |
| Yes | 6881 (59.85) | 300 (60.61) | 1394 (61.03) | 1992 (60.38) | 1446 (59.95) | 908 (59.97) | 841 (56.33) | |
| ACE inhibitor | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 8995 (78.24) | 375 (75.76) | 1727 (75.61) | 2564 (77.72) | 1911 (79.23) | 1195 (78.93) | 1223 (81.92) | |
| Yes | 2502 (21.76) | 120 (24.24) | 557 (24.39) | 735 (22.28) | 501 (20.77) | 319 (21.07) | 270 (18.08) | |
| Angiotensin Receptor Blocker | 0.148 | |||||||
| No | 10,509 (91.41) | 453 (91.52) | 2080 (91.07) | 3029 (91.82) | 2175 (90.17) | 1393 (92.01) | 1379 (92.36) | |
| Yes | 988 (8.59) | 42 (8.48) | 204 (8.93) | 270 (8.18) | 237 (9.83) | 121 (7.99) | 114 (7.64) | |
| β-blocker | <0.001 | |||||||
| No | 8577 (74.60) | 348 (70.30) | 1636 (71.63) | 2408 (72.99) | 1828 (75.79) | 1167 (77.08) | 1190 (79.71) | |
| Yes | 2920 (25.40) | 147 (29.70) | 648 (28.37) | 891 (27.01) | 584 (24.21) | 347 (22.92) | 303 (20.29) | |
| Calcium channel blocker | 0.867 | |||||||
| No | 9651 (83.94) | 416 (84.04) | 1935 (84.72) | 2753 (83.45) | 2018 (83.67) | 1271 (83.95) | 1258 (84.26) | |
| Yes | 1846 (16.06) | 79 (15.96) | 349 (15.28) | 546 (16.55) | 394 (16.33) | 243 (16.05) | 235 (15.74) | |
| Diuretics | 0.857 | |||||||
| No | 8377 (72.86) | 366 (73.94) | 1684 (73.73) | 2396 (72.63) | 1760 (72.97) | 1092 (72.13) | 1079 (72.27) | |
| Yes | 3120 (27.14) | 129 (26.06) | 600 (26.27) | 903 (27.37) | 652 (27.03) | 422 (27.87) | 414 (27.73) | |
| Outcomes, n (%) | ||||||||
| Cardiovascular mortality | 0.361 | |||||||
| No | 10,784 (93.80) | 459 (92.73) | 2122 (92.91) | 3103 (94.06) | 2269 (94.07) | 1427 (94.25) | 1404 (94.04) | |
| Yes | 713 (6.20) | 36 (7.27) | 162 (7.09) | 196 (5.94) | 143 (5.93) | 87 (5.75) | 89 (5.96) | |
| All-cause mortality | 0.122 | |||||||
| No | 8485 (73.80) | 357 (72.12) | 1671 (73.16) | 2440 (73.96) | 1825 (75.66) | 1120 (73.98) | 1072 (71.80) | |
| Yes | 3012 (26.20) | 138 (27.88) | 613 (26.84) | 859 (26.04) | 587 (24.34) | 394 (26.02) | 421 (28.20) | |
Notes: Values are mean ± standardized differences or n (%). * Baseline characteristics between HDL-C groups were compared using the One-Way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis H-test and chi-square tests, as appropriate.
Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme.