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. 2020 Mar 1;17(8):1214–1222. doi: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1732694

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© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — Regulation of tRF biogenesis in stem cells. Schematic illustrates tRF biogenesis and epitranscriptomic modifications. Dicer and possibly other ribonucleases not yet identified have been proposed to modulate the production of 5ʹ- and 3ʹ-tRFs. Angiogenin (ANG) induces cleavage of tRNAs in the anticodon loop in response to stress conditions to promote the accumulation of 5ʹ- and 3ʹ-tiRNAs. 5-methylcytosine (m⁵C) and queuosine (Q) modulate angiogenin activity and may impact 3ʹ-tRF secondary structure. Pseudouridine (ψ) is necessary for the biogenesis and activity of a specific class of 5ʹ-tRFs (mTOGs) in stem cells.