Table 2. The difference between the spatiotemporal gait parameters of four walking conditions.

Outcome measure	BL	TSBH	TSOH	TPNT	p
Rhythm
Cadence (steps/min)	115.47 ± 8.03	104.78 ± 10.46	105.63 ± 10.45	112.11 ± 8.64	< 0.001
Swing time (s)	0.41 ± 0.02	0.44 ± 0.04	0.44 ± 0.04	0.42 ± 0.03	< 0.001
Stance time (s)	0.63 ± 0.06	0.72 ± 0.09	0.71 ± 0.09	0.66 ± 0.06	< 0.001
Single support time (s)	0.41 ± 0.02	0.44 ± 0.04	0.44 ± 0.04	0.42 ± 0.02	< 0.001
Double support time (s)	0.22 ± 0.04	0.28 ± 0.06	0.28 ± 0.06	0.24 ± 0.04	< 0.001
Phases
Swing (%GC)	39.46 ± 1.17	38.11 ± 1.22	38.09 ± 1.47	38.61 ± 1.24	< 0.001
Stance (%GC)	60.54 ± 1.19	61.91 ± 1.23	61.92 ± 1.48	61.40 ± 1.23	< 0.001
Single support (%GC)	39.68 ± 1.46	38.24 ± 1.63	38.07 ± 1.55	38.69 ± 1.50	< 0.001
Double support (%GC)	20.84 ± 2.28	23.77 ± 2.44	23.71 ± 2.45	22.64 ± 2.36	< 0.001
Pace
Gait speed (cm/s)	129.78 ± 18.33	101.84 ± 15.84	102.88 ± 18.40	116.58 ± 16.68	< 0.001
Step length (cm)	67.23 ± 6.66	57.63 ± 5.55	57.74 ± 6.68	61.96 ± 5.95	< 0.001
Stride length (cm)	134.63 ± 13.06	116.34 ± 10.21	116.29 ± 12.69	124.52 ± 11.38	< 0.001
Normalized velocity	1.49 ± 0.20	1.17 ± 0.19	1.18 ± 0.20	1.34 ± 0.19	< 0.001
Step extremity ratio	0.77 ± 0.07	0.66 ± 0.07	0.66 ± 0.08	0.71 ± 0.07	< 0.001

Values are expressed as mean ± SD. p-values were determined by the repeated-measures analysis of variance. BL, walking without using a smartphone. TSBH, typing on a smartphone with both hands. TSOH, typing on a smartphone with one hand. TPNT, texting posture with non-task. cm, centimeters. s, seconds. %GC, % gait cycle.