Table 8. Risk Factors for IPVa.
| Juba | Rumbek | Juba PoCs | MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COR (95%CI) | COR (95%CI) | COR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Location (PoC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Juba | 1.25 (0.99–1.59) | 1.60 (1.2 2.1) *** | |||
| Rumbek | 2.24 (1.80–2.81) *** | 2.17 (1.6–2.9) *** | |||
| Demographics | |||||
| Respondent's age | |||||
| 15–19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 20–29 | 1.99 (1.14–3.48) ** | 3.40 (2.08–5.58) *** | 1.78 (1.20–2.64) *** | 2.23 (1.70–2.93) *** | 2.21 (1.6–3.0) *** |
| 30–39 | 2.30 (1.24–4.29) ** | 4.40 (2.50–7.72) *** | 2.53 (1.56–4.10) *** | 2.92 (2.13–4.01) *** | 2.90 (2.0–4.2) *** |
| 40–64 | 1.85 (0.94–3.65) | 4.56 (2.48–8.38) *** | 2.50 (1.42–4.43) *** | 2.77 (1.95–3.94) *** | 2.87 (1.9–4.4) *** |
| Respondent's education primary or above | 0.53 (0.31–0.90) * | 0.55 (0.39–0.77) *** | 0.76 (0.57–1.02) | 0.64 (0.52–0.78) *** | |
| Partner’s characteristics | |||||
| Partner's education primary or above | 0.75 (0.38–1.48) | 0.68 (0.47–0.99) * | 0.76 (0.60–1.40) * | 0.64 (0.52–0.78) *** | |
| Partner's profession | |||||
| Unemployed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Professional | 1.21 (0.64–2.26) | 1.66 (0.97–2.83) | 0.58 (0.37–0.91) * | 0.98 (0.74–1.32) | |
| Semi-Skilled/Unskilled/Manual/Other | 1.12 (0.63–1.97) | 1.44 (0.88–2.35) | 0.92 (0.60–1.40) | 1.10 (0.84–1.44) | |
| Military/Police | 1.52 (0.83–2.81) | 1.93 (1.28–2.92) *** | 1.19 (0.82–1.70) | 1.47 (1.15–1.89) *** | |
| Circumstances of marriage | |||||
| Controlling behaviors by partner | |||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–2' | 1.75 (1.12–2.72) ** | 2.25 (1.50–3.37) *** | 4.08 (2.74–6.06) *** | 2.66 (2.10–3.37) *** | 2.68 (2.07–3.46) *** |
| 3–4' | 4.55 (2.57–8.06) *** | 15.00 (8.66–25.97) *** | 12.69 (8.01–20.11) *** | 10.02 (7.48–13.42) *** | 7.02 (5.11–9.65) *** |
| Number of Wives including respondent | |||||
| One | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Two | 1.40 (0.90–2.31) | 1.81 (1.17–2.81) ** | 2.12 (1.37–3.29) *** | 1.80 (1.39–2.33) * | 1.50 (1.11–2.03) ** |
| Three or more | 1.60 (9.00–3.01) | 2.25 (1.46–3.46) *** | 2.84 (1.85–4.36) *** | 2.32 (1.77–3.05) *** | 1.85 (1.35–2.55) *** |
| Age at marriage under 15 | 1.01 (.70–1.48) | 0.41 (0.29–0.60) *** | 0.73 (0.54–0.99) * | 0.67 (0.56–0.82) *** | |
| Marriage was forced | 7.70 (2.30–26.60) *** | 1.2 (0.80–1.80) | 1.30 (0.80–2.00) | 1.50 (1.10–2.00) ** | |
| Marriage due to abduction, pregnancy or rape | 1.39 (0.80–2.54) | 2.80 (0.80–9.60) | 2.70 (1.20–3.60) *** | 2.20 (1.50–3.10) *** | 2.01 (1.33–3.04)*** |
| Married for economic reasons | 1.44 (0.70–2.80) | 1.60 (1.00–2.80) | 2.20 (1.20–3.60)** | 1.70 (1.20–2.40) *** | |
| Married due to love or desire for family. | 1.45 (1.00–2.20) | 1.20 (0.80–1.80) | 0.70 (0.50–1.00) * | 1.00 (0.80–1.20) | |
| Most recent or previous husband paid a bride price | 1.42 (1.00–2.10) | 1.90 (1.30–2.80) *** | 1.60 (1.20–2.20) *** | 1.60 (1.30–2.00) *** | |
| Social norms | |||||
| It is natural that men should be the head of the family | 1.18 (0.64–2.16) | 0.78 (0.39–1.57) | 2.01 (1.31–3.10) *** | 1.42 (1.05–1.92) * | |
| Wife's obligation to have sex with her husband whenever he wants it | 1.27 (0.87–1.87) | 1.73 (1.16–2.60) ** | 1.59 (1.18–2.14) *** | 1.53 (1.25–1.88) *** | 1.56 (1.23–1.98) *** |
| A wife should obey her husband even if she disagrees. | 1.13 (0.78–1.64) | 0.45 (0.21–0.98) * | 1.57 (1.13–2.17) ** | 1.42 (1.15–1.75) *** | |
| Reasons for accepting violence | |||||
| No reason | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 1–2' | 1.53 (0.97–2.41) | 1.99 (1.00–3.97) * | 2.29 (1.33–3.95) *** | 1.80 (1.32–2.44) *** | |
| 3–4' | 1.49 (0.90–2.45) | 2.86 (1.55–5.27) *** | 3.91 (2.37–6.47) *** | 2.61 (1.94–3.51) *** | |
| Conflict-related experiences | |||||
| Ever displaced | 1.02 (0.69–1.50) | 1.68 (1.19–2.36) *** | N/A | 1.35 (1.05–1.75) * | |
| Ever experienced an attack on village | 0.91 (0.62–1.32) | 2.53 (1.79–3.57) *** | 2.82 (2.06–3.87) *** | 2.00 (1.65–2.44) *** | |
| Ever experienced rape or attempted rape during conflict | 1.67 (1.01–2.76) * | 10.17 (5.07–20.38) *** | 7.31 (4.82–11.07) *** | 5.32 (4.00–7.07) *** | 2.82 (2.03–3.92) *** |
| Experienced sexual exploitation during conflict | 3.04 (1.81–5.09) *** | 6.74 (2.42–18.77) *** | 5.71 (3.39–6.50) *** | 4.65 (3.38–6.41) *** | 2.17 (1.49–3.18) *** |
| Ever experienced physical violence and/or traumatic events during conflict | 0.87 (0.53–1.42) | 3.04 (1.99–4.64) *** | 4.70 (3.39–6.50) *** | 3.00 (2.38–3.77) *** | 1.78 (1.37–2.33) *** |
*Crude odds rations (COR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) are shown for the odds of having ever experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner (IPV), among ever-partner women, in three locations of South Sudan. Figures in bold are statistically significant at the 95% level (confidence interval does not include 1·0).
** Model 1 shows the association between individual independent variables and physical and/or sexual IPV on a pooled data set with adjustment for site only.
***Model 2 is the final multivariate model that includes all significant independent variables, controlling for age and location.
Note: *p < .05 ** = p < .01 *** = p < .001