Table 1. Descriptive statistics for study variables, by urban and rural residency.
| Outcomes | Total (n = 8921) | Urban (n = 2624) | Rural (n = 6297) | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean±SD or Number ±Prevalence (%) | ||||
| ADLa | 8.92(2.36) | 8.69(2.61) | 9.01(2.24) | <0.0001 |
| IADLb | 10.67(6.02) | 10.78(6.23) | 10.63(5.94) | 0.2621 |
| Psychological well-being | 3.52(0.81) | 3.65(0.70) | 3.46(0.84) | <0.0001 |
| Adequate access to care | 8483(95.7%) | 2565(98.4%) | 5918(94.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Total medical expenditure | 4579 (12982.61) | 8529 (18769.23) | 2891 (8974.61) | <0.0001 |
| Total inpatient expenditure | 2881(9901.21) | 5201(14031.81) | 1859 (7147.76) | <0.0001 |
| Total outpatient expenditure | 1911(6271.77) | 3627 (9355.54) | 1182 (4132.92) | <0.0001 |
| Total out-of-pocket expenditure | 2038 (5757.34) | 3332 (7913.48) | 1486 (4423.76) | <0.0001 |
| Total inpatient out-of-pocket expenditure | 1466 (5530.98) | 2184 (7252.01) | 1051 (4176.41) | <0.0001 |
| Total outpatient out-of-pocket expenditure | 1118 (3107.15) | 1646 (3689.18) | 896 (2797.70) | <0.0001 |
| Self-payment ratio | 0.66(0.36) | 0.53(0.38) | 0.72(0.34) | <0.0001 |
| Covariates | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 65–69 | 433(4.8%) | 116(4.4%) | 317(5.0%) | |
| 70–79 | 2681(30.1%) | 924(35.2%) | 1757(27.9%) | |
| 80–89 | 2678(30.0%) | 760(29.0%) | 1918(30.5%) | |
| 90–99 | 2132(23.9%) | 612(23.3%) | 1520(24.1%) | |
| > = 100 | 997(11.2%) | 212(8.1%) | 785(12.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 4615(51.7%) | 1164(44.4%) | 3451(54.8%) | <0.0001 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 3594(40.6%) | 1250(47.8%) | 2344(37.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Number of living children | 3.76(1.72) | 3.46(1.60) | 3.88(1.75) | <0.0001 |
| Annual income per capita | 10984.27(13488.55) | 18618.78(15374.77) | 7787.901(11160.60) | <0.0001 |
| Education | ||||
| Never | 4738(53.1%) | 815(31.1%) | 3923(62.3%) | |
| Elementary school | 2853(32.0%) | 1015(38.7%) | 1838(29.2%) | |
| Middle school | 349(3.9%) | 185(7.1%) | 164(2.6%) | |
| High school or higher | 584(6.6%) | 436(16.5%) | 148(2.4%) | |
| Missing | 397(4.4%) | 173(6.6%) | 224(3.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Living with people | ||||
| Yes | 7370(83.1%) | 1321(88.7%) | 5049(80.7%) | <0.0001 |
| Drinking at present | ||||
| Yes | 1456(16.5%) | 392(15.1%) | 1064(17.1%) | 0.0199 |
| Smoking at present | ||||
| Yes | 1567(17.6%) | 428(16.4%) | 1139(18.2%) | 0.0433 |
| Regular exercise at present | ||||
| Yes | 2979(33.9%) | 1462(56.5%) | 1517(24.4%) | <0.0001 |
| Sufficient financial support | ||||
| Yes | 7249(81.7%) | 2342(89.5%) | 4907(78.4%) | <0.0001 |
| Went to bed hungry in childhood | ||||
| No | 2118(23.7%) | 931(35.5%) | 1187(18.8%) | |
| Yes | 5992(67.2%) | 1581(60.3%) | 4411(70.1%) | |
| Missing | 811(9.1%) | 112(4.2%) | 699(11.1%) | <0.0001 |
| Able to access to healthcare in childhood | ||||
| No | 4456(50.0%) | 1191(45.4%) | 3265(51.9%) | |
| Yes | 2627(29.4%) | 1139(43.4%) | 1488(23.6%) | |
| Missing | 1838(20.6%) | 294(11.20) | 1544(24.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Quality of sleeping | ||||
| Very good | 1661(18.7%) | 655(25.0%) | 1006(16.0%) | |
| Good | 3843(43.2%) | 991(37.8%) | 2852(45.4%) | |
| So-so | 2299(25.8%) | 633(24.2%) | 1666(26.5%) | |
| Bad | 1101(12.3%) | 339(13.0%) | 762(12.1%) | <0.0001 |
| Arm length | 50.77(7.93) | 51.47(8.96) | 50.48(7.44) | <0.0001 |
| Number of diagnosed chronic diseases | 2.49(4.83) | 3.39(5.33) | 2.11(4.56) | <0.0001 |
| Severe disease | ||||
| Yes | 2240(25.8%) | 917(35.7%) | 1323(21.4%) | <0.0001 |
| Occupation | ||||
| Profession/ Administration | 882(9.9%) | 694(26.5%) | 188(3.0%) | |
| Others | 7521(84.3%) | 1909(72.7%) | 5612(89.1%) | |
| Missing | 518(5.8%) | 21(0.8%) | 497(7.9%) | <0.0001 |
| Regular physical examination | ||||
| Yes | 4163(47.0%) | 1123(42.9%) | 3040(48.7%) | <0.0001 |
| MMSEc | 22.85(8.86) | 24.19(8.42) | 22.29(8.98) | <0.0001 |
| Self-reported health | ||||
| Very good | 823(9.3%) | 338(12.9%) | 485(7.7%) | |
| Good | 2984(33.5%) | 873(33.4%) | 2111(33.6%) | |
| So-so | 3193(35.9%) | 912(34.8%) | 2281(36.3%) | |
| Bad | 1900(21.3%) | 496(18.9%) | 1404(22.4%) | <0.0001 |
| Region | ||||
| East | 4268(47.8%) | 1288(49.1%) | 2980(47.3%) | |
| Middle | 2594(29.1%) | 628(23.9%) | 1966(31.2%) | |
| West | 2059(23.1%) | 708(27.0%) | 1351(21.5%) | <0.0001 |
SD = standard deviation.
aActivity of daily living.
bInstrumental activity of daily living.
cMini-mental State Examination.
*χ2tests for categorical variables, and t tests for continuous variables between rural and urban.