Table 2. Multivariable regression analyses based on pooled 2011 and 2014 data.

Outcomes	Urban-adjustedc	Rural-adjustedd	Adjusted differencee	P value
ADLa	8.52	9.14	-0.62	<0.0001
IADLb	9.84	11.08	-1.24	<0.0001
Psychological well-being	3.57	3.51	0.06	0.0220
Adequate access to caref	0.99	0.98	2.24	0.0018
Total medical expenditure	6335	3605	2730	<0.0001
Total inpatient expenditure	3793	2318	1475	<0.0001
Total outpatient expenditure	2708	1370	1338	<0.0001
Total out-of-pocket t expenditure	2575	1718	857	<0.0001
Total inpatient out-of-pocket expenditure	1648	1269	379	0.0051
Total outpatient out-of-pocket expenditure	1381.34	975.54	405.81	<0.0001
Self-payment ratio	55.8%	69.5%	-13.7%	<0.0001

^aActivity of daily living.

^bInstrumental activity of daily living.

^c,dUrban-adjusted and rural-adjusted columns report margins of adjusted outcomes.

^eAdjusted differences are marginal differences calculated based on the coefficients of the Urban variable.

^fThe adjusted difference of adequate access to care is odds ratio.