(A) The size of representative E. mundtii- or PBS-injected larvae. The larvae were photographed at 42 h post-E. mundtii injection (hpi). Bar = 0.5 cm. (B) Prolonged duration of fifth- and sixth-instar in E. mundtii-injected larvae. The duration of fifth- and sixth-instar was measured based on 62 E. mundtii-injected and 65 PBS-injected larvae, respectively. (C, D) Larval body length (C) and weight (D) were reduced in E. mundtii-injected larvae. Larval body length and weight were measured at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hpi. The p value was calculated by the Student’s t test for paired samples, and a p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.