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. 2020 Aug 10;11(1):980–994. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1797352

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© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 7. — Schematic model of BBB disruption induced by bacterial 5ʹ-nucleotidase. Bacteria increase the extracellular concentration of adenosine catalyzed by 5ʹ-nucleotidase. Thereafter, through occupancy of the A2A AR on neutrophil cells, adenosine acts to perturb immune defenses. Abnormally elevated adenosine levels can also destroy the integrity of CNS barriers by activating A1 AR expressed on brain endothelial cells. As bacteria proliferate and adenosine impairs the function of immune and endothelial cells, infected individuals gradually develop bacteremia and meningitis.