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. 2020 Aug 30;11(1):1177–1191. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1809963

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© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Spreading of schistosomes (S. mansoni and S. haematobium) and A. duodenale by mass migration.

African schistosomes have evolved in the region of the African Great Lakes, from where they have been spread along the Nile (red arrow) [44]. It is likely that the schistosomes have been dispersed to West Africa in the course of the Yoruba mass migration (orange arrow) and further to Central and South Africa in the course of the Bantu mass migration (yellow arrows) [45]. Originated in the Mediterranean region, A. duodenale has been introduced into North India in the course of the Aryan mass migration (blue arrow) [45].