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. 2020 Aug 30;11(1):1177–1191. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1809963

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© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Spreading of Aedes sp. via international tire trade.

The first introduction of A. albopictus into the USA (Los Angeles and Oakland in California) could be traced back to a shipment of used car tires from the Philippines and Vietnam (red arrows) [82]. The establishment of A. albopictus in Padua, Italy, could be linked to used car tires imported from Atlanta, Georgia, USA (blue arrow) [91]. The first reported case of A. albopictus in South Africa could be attributed to a consignment of used car tires from Japan (green arrow) [96]. The introduction of A. aegypti into the Netherlands could be tracked to a shipment of tires from Miami, Florida, USA (orange arrow) [103].