Table 5. Risk factors for combined outcome of ARDS or in-hospital death.

CI: confidence interval; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD-HD: end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis; OR: odds ratio; RD: renal disease; ref.: reference

p-values for the multivariable models were derived after always adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes and cardiac disease. Lasso was asked to select variables in the model from the following specified covariates: race, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal disease and obesity. If the covariate itself was the variable of interest, it was not included in the adjustment model.

	Age-adjusted OR (CI)	p-value	Multivariable OR (CI)	p-value
Age (1-year increments)			1.05 (1.03–1.07)	<.001
Male sex (ref. female)	1.04 (0.7–1.6)	.2	1.02 (0.7–1.6)	.9
Race (ref. Caucasian)
African American	1.03 (0.6–1.7)	.9	0.9 (0.6–1.6)	.9
Hispanic	1.7 (0.9–3.2)	.1	1.7 (0.9–3.3)	.1
Others	0.6 (0.3–1.4)	.3	0.6 (0.3–1.2)	.2
Comorbidities
Hypertension	1.1 (0.7–1.8)	.6	1.1 (0.7–1.9)	.6
Diabetes	1.4 (0.9–2.1)	.1	1.4 (0.9–2.2)	.2
Cardiac diseases	0.9 (0.6–1.6)	.9	0.9 (0.6–1.5)	.7
RD (ref. no RD)
CKD	1.1 (0.5–2.1)	.9	0.9 (0.5–1.9)	.9
ESRD-HD	0.5 (0.2–1.1)	.087	0.4 (0.2–1.05)	.06
COPD	0.8 (0.4–1.4)	.4	0.8 (0.4–1.4)	.4
Obesity	1.7 (1.03–2.7)	.04	1.6 (0.9–2.6)	.08